
Class J:LjLij£ 

Book. . M\ S'L 



COPYRIGHT OEPOSm 



GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 
OF NEW JERSEY 



BY 



ALBERT B. MEREDITH 



AND 



VIVIAN p. HOOD 




GINN AND COMPANY 

BOSTON • NEW YORK ■ CHICAGO - LONDON 
ATLANTA • DALLAS • COLUMBUS • SAN FRANCISCO 



FTst 



COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY GINN AND COMPANY 
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 

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l.INN AM) (OMI'ANV • I'KO- 
I'KIhTDKi • UUSTUN • U.S.A. 



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PREFACE 

The geography and history of any state are closely inter- 
woven; New Jersey is no exception. Its coast position 
between two great cities, the long sandy stretches in the east, 
and the foothills toward the west and north have all combined 
to make of the history of this state not only an interesting story 
which every New Jersey school child should know but also 
one in which he should take great pride. 

It is the geographic conditions with which a people have to 
contend that determine to a great extent what that people 
shall accomplish. The authors of the present book have en- 
deavored to show clearly and definitely the character of the 
land which we call New Jersey : how it has fostered farming, 
fishing, and manufacturing ; how it has steadily made for 
progress ; and how it has brought wealth to the inhabitants. 
New Jersey has been greatly favored and her people have 
accomplished much. 

The history of New Jersey began almost with the history 
of our country, and from the time when the first settlers 
reached her coast and laid out their small farms and towns 
there have been no movements in our national history in which 
the men and women of New Jersey have not done their part. 
It is presupposed that the children who study this book will 
be acquiring from other texts a general knowledge of United 
States history, and so only those events and incidents which are 
peculiarly a part of the history of the state of New Jersey have 
been included in this narrative. 

A brief outline of the civics of New Jersey is included which 
will furnish a framework of government in this state. From 
such a beginning the child may develop a wider and more 
thorough knowledge of local governmental problems. 



CONTENTS 

GEOGRAPHY 

I'AGE 

iNTROnUCTION 3 

Position 3 

Boundaries '. 6 

Size 7 

Geographical Location 8 

Surface Features 8 

The Appalachian HuiHLANDs and Valley 9 

The Piedmont Pelt 12 

The Coastal Plain 13 

Effects of the Great Ice-Sheet 16 

Drainage 18 

Drainage Basins 18 

Navigability of Streams 20 

Water Power 21 

Water Supply 23 

Climate 25 

Natural Resources and Industries 26 

Forests and Lumbering 26 

Animals and Game Birds 29 

Fisheries 29 

Soils and Agriculture . 31 

Mineral Resources 42 

Manufacturing Industries 47 

Transportation 60 

Recreation and Health Resorts 67 

Population 67 

Counties 68 

Cities . 68 

New York Metropolitan District 68 

vii 



viii • CONTENTS 

Philadelphia Metropolitax District 78 

Seaside and Health Resorts 81 

Trenton Area 83 

Problems and Projects 87 

Incorporated Places in New Jersey having a Population of 

2000 OR Over m 1920 88 

Statistics of New Jersey Counties 90 

HISTORY 

The Early Inhabitants of New Jersey ......... 91 

Exploration and SettleiMENt 92 

Colonial Life in New Jersey 98 

The Revolutionary War • . . . . 105 

Period ok the Confederation 116 

New Jersey as a State 121 

CIVICS 

Local or Municipal Government 141 

County Government 146 

State Government . . 1 4S 

Elections 1 50 

Judicial System 151 

APPENDIX 153 

Formation of Counties 153 

Chronological List of (h)vernors 153 

United States Senators . 156 

Constitution of the State of New Jersey 158 

INDEX 177 



GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 
OF NEW JERSEY 



DO YOU KNOW WHY 

New Jersey has no town or village more than seven miles 
distant from a railroad ? 

New Jersey has nine great railroad terminals in the state ? 

New Jersey, although forty-sixth in size among the states 
of the Union, is third in density of population ? 

New Jersey "for many years has kept sixth place among 
the states in the value of manufactured articles ? 

New Jersey was the first state to take up the question of 
extending state aid to counties for the purpose of improving 
roads ? 

New Jersey ranks first in the manufacture of silk and 
silk goods, in the smelting and refining of copper, and in the 
refining of oil? 

New Jersey can harvest over one third of the entire cran- 
berry crop of the world? 

New Jersey was the first to fly national colors over Con- 
tinental troops? 

New Jersey has the largest single manufacturing industry 
in the world ? 

New Jersey's average value of dairy cows exceeds that 
of any other state? 

New Jersey has been called the People's Playground ? 

To know why New Jersey has attained a leading position 
among the states of the Union, to learn more about the 
early settlers and the brave patriots who fought for free- 
dom, to understand why New Jersey has excelled in so 
many lines of industry and has become a progressive state 
of more than three millions of people, we must study the 
geographical position of the state, its climate, soils, and nat- 
ural resources, its transportation facilities, manufacturing in- 
dustries, and cities and towns, and, finally, its place in the 
history of the greatest democracy the world has ever known. 



GEOGRAPHY 



INTRODUCTION 

New Jersey, situated partly in the Appalachian Highlands 
and partly in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America, is 
one of the smallest of the United States ; yet it has grown to 
be one of the most prosperous and most important industrial 
states of the country. It now ranks third in density of popu- 
lation and sixth in value of manufactured goods. This rapid 
development has been due chiefly to its favorable geographical 
position, a healthful climate free from extremes of heat or cold, 
fruitful soils, natural waterways, and rich mineral resources. 
The important place which New Jersey has taken in the his- 
tory of the United States has been largely determined by its 
geography, which we are now to study. 

Position. The geographical position of New Jersey is most 
fortunate. Situated on the eastern coast of North America, and 
separated from the densely populated continent of Europe by 
one of the narrowest portions of the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey 
was settled early in the history of our country. The ocean 
highway provided means of transportation and communication 
between the new country and the old, enabling the settlers to 
obtain the supplies which they needed from Europe and, in 
return, to export their own raw products. Without this avenue 
of trade between the mother countries and the colonies the 
settlers would have found life in the new country very hard, 
and many settlements which have grown to be great cities would 
have been abandoned. As we learn more of the history and 
geography of New Jersey we shall see that its position on the 
Atlantic seaboard has been one of the chief causes of its 
commercial development. 

Just as significant as the fact that New Jersey faces the 
Atlantic is the fact that it has at its back the great stretch 

3 



4 GEOGRAPHY 

of mountains and fertile plains that make up a large part of 
the United States. In the early colonial days the Appalachian 
Mountains acted as a barrier for the colonists, protecting them 
from the attacks of Indians from the interior and preventing 
them from moving inland any great distance. This was a great 
advantage, for it meant that newcomers from Europe settled in 
the coastal regions, increasing the size and strength of the 
towns, instead of traveling inland in search of wealth or adven- 
ture. Only the hardiest pioneers were willing to brave the 
dangers of the deep forests, the rough mountain slopes, and 
the lurking Indians of the highland barrier. 

Later, as trails were cut through the wilderness, and as roads 
and finally railroads were built, it was natural that the settlers 
in the Appalachian region and the plains to the west of it 
should send their products to the coastal towns to be exported, 
and should receive their supplies from these centers. In this 
way the cities and towns of the Atlantic coastal area came to be 
places of commercial exchange, or markets. While these com- 
mercial advantages were not enjoyed by New Jersey alone, our 
state had a large share in them. 

When, at the end of the Revolutionary War, the United 
States took its place as an independent nation, the same geo- 
graphical conditions which had favored the development of 
the early colonies along the coast led to their increased size and 
importance as the commercial and industrial centers of the 
new nation. The cities of New York and Philadelphia came 
to be, first, the chief markets and ports of the United States, 
and, later, world markets of the first rank. 

A glance at the map on page 5 (Fig. i) shows what this 
growth of New York and Philadelphia meant to New Jersey. 
The state is located betweeji these two great world markets, and 
its position is such that a large number of the railroad lines con- 
necting the West with New York City must pass through it. 
Furthermore, all the direct railroad lines between New York 
and Philadelphia cross central New Jersey. New York City is 
located at the southeastern tip of New York State, bordering 
New Jersey. In a similar way, Philadelphia is situated at the 



1 


NEW JERSEY 




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Fig. I. Notice how much of New Jersey Hes within a radius of forty miles of 

either New York or Philadelphia. Notice also how much of the state lies within 

a radius of sixty miles of Trenton 



6 GEOGRAPHY 

southeastern extremity of Pennsylvania, bordering New Jersey. 
As these two great cities have increased in size and commercial 
importance, more and more people have been needed to carry 
on their business. New Jersey has been the natural place for 
hundreds of thousands of these people to make their homes, and 
today ten million persons live within a radius of sixty miles of 
Trenton. Great cities and towns have grown up in New Jersey, 
in the districts surrounding New York and Philadelphia and 
along the commercial route between them. 

This large population, crowded into a small area, has deter- 
mined to a great extent the industries of the state. The cities 
and towns provide a steady and ever-increasing demand for 
food and manufactured products. Much of the soil of New 
Jersey is well suited to agriculture, and large areas are devoted 
to the cultivation of vegetables and fruits for the cities and to 
the raising of dairy cattle and poultry to provide them with 
milk, cream, butter, and eggs. 

The demand for manufactured products of all kinds has led 
to the development of great manufacturing industries in New 
Jersey. The state lies within a short distance of the coal fields 
of Pennsylvania, from which the manufacturers can draw 
their fuel supply cheaply and easily. The railroads that enter 
the state from all directions bring the necessary raw materials. 
The ocean commerce creates a demand for ships, and ship- 
building has therefore become an important industry. 

Boundaries. The Atlantic Ocean forms most of the eastern 
boundary of New Jersey. We have already seen the importance 
of this frontage on one of the world's great ocean highways. 
On the north the eastern boundary is made up of New York 
Bay and the Hudson River. The cities of New Jersey which 
lie opposite New York City share in the business and prosperity 
of the largest city and the greatest port in the world. 

The only part of New Jersey which is not bordered by a body 
of water is the portion which joins New York State on the north. 
On the west is the Delaware River, navigable for ocean-going 
vessels from Trenton to the sea. On the south is Delaware Bay, 
the broad, deep mouth of the Delaware River, which forms one 



INTRODUCTION 



of the great indentations of the Atlantic coast. The portion 
of New Jersey which lies across the Delaware River from 
Philadelphia, known as the Philadelphia Metropolitan District, 
partakes of all the commercial activities of that great port. 









COMPARATIVE AREAS 












OF 








TEXAS. NEW JERSEY 








AND 








RHODE ISLAND 


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TEXAS 265,896 Sq. Mi. \ 


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NEW JERSEY 8.224 Sq. Mi. 


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RHODE ISLAND 1,248 Sq. Mi. 




vj 



Fig. 2. After studying the comparative areas shown in this map, look up the 

population of each of the three states and figure out how many people each 

one has per square mile 

These water boundaries, navigable for so many miles, give 
to New Jersey great commercial and industrial advantages. 
Raw materials for the industries of the state can be received 
from any port in the world by water, and in the same way the 
products of New Jersey's factories can be shipped with ease 
to all parts of the world. 

Size. New Jersey is much smaller than her neighbors, New 
York and Pennsylvania ; in fact, there are only three states 
in the Union which have smaller areas, — Connecticut, Rhode 



8 GEOGRAPHY 

Island, and Delaware. New Jersey is about 170 miles in 
length and has an average width of about 50 miles. Its total 
area of 8224 square miles is about one fifth of the area of 
Pennsylvania and about one sixth of that of New York State. 
The area of New Jersey could be fitted into that of Texas, the 
largest state in the Union, thirty-two times with more than 
2000 square miles left over, yet New Jersey has nearly three 
fourths as many people as Texas. In size New Jersey and 
Massachusetts are almost twins, the difference between them 
being only 42 square miles, in favor of Massachusetts. New 
Jersey is about six times as large as Rhode Island, the smallest 
of the United States (Fig. 2). 

Geographical location. New Jersey is situated in the north- 
temperate zone between the parallels of 38° 55' and 41° 21' 
north latitude. This is approximately the latitude of the north- 
ern part of California. Portugal, southern Spain, southern 
Italy, and Greece are the portions of Europe that lie in the 
same belt of latitude. Northern China and Japan are also 
located between these parallels. 

New Jersey lies between the meridians of 73° 53' and 75° 35' 
west longitude. Northward from New Jersey the eastern por- 
tion of New York State extends to the Canadian boundary line ; 
southward there is an almost unbroken stretch of ocean to the 
Bahama Islands. 

SURFACE FEATURES 

The surface of New Jersey varies greatly in different parts 
of the state. The northern section is mountainous, the middle 
portion is hilly and rolling, and the southern part slopes gently 
to the sea. The state is divided into four distinct natural 
regions, each one of which has special geographic features 
which affect the life of the people, determining to a large extent 
the nature of their occupations and industries. These regions 
are (i) the Appalachian Highlands, (2) the Appalachian VsX- 
ley, (3) the Piedmont Belt, and (4) the Coastal Plain. Study 
the extent of these regions on the map following this page, and 
their relief on the map between pages 24 and 25. 



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SURFACE FEATURES 9 

The Appalachian Highlands and Valley. The Appalachian 
Highlands are divided by the Appalachian Valley into two 
sections. Both are mountainous, and both belong to the great 
region of old, worn-down mountains which extends northward 
from Alabama to Maine ; but, as we shall see, there are certain 
important differences between the two sections. 

Extending along the northwestern border of the state, from 
the New York boundary to the Delaware River at Delaware 
Water Gap, is the Kittatinny Mountain range, which forms 
the northwestern section of the Appalachian Highlands in New 
Jersey, South of the Water Gap this range extends into Penn- 
sylvania, where it is known as the Blue Mountain range. Its 
length within the boundaries of New Jersey is about thirty-six 
miles, and its width varies from two miles in its southern portion 
to four or five miles near its northern end. 

The Kittatinny Mountain section is the highest part of New 
Jersey. The range has an average elevation of about six- 
teen hundred feet above sea level, and its greatest alti- 
tude, at High Point, not far from the New York State 
line,' is eighteen hundred and four feet. The most striking 
feature of this range is its remarkably even crest. When 
seen from a distance its summit line looks almost perfectly level 
except in those places where the rivers have cut gaps through it. 
The river gaps are another interesting feature of the range. 
Only a few rivers have been able to cut their way through this 
high, rugged range, and their valleys through the mountain are 
narrow and steep-walled. The most beautiful of these valleys 
is the Delaware Water Gap, where the Delaware River has 
made its way through the range. Near the northern end is 
Culver's Gap, originally carved by a river, but in which there 
is no stream today (see Frontispiece). Such a valley is called a 
wind gap. These valleys not only serve to increase the beauty 
of the region but they offer convenient routes of travel and 
communication. Through them roads have been built, connect- 
ing towns on either side of the range. Two railroad lines make 
use of the Delaware Water Gap in crossing the range from 
Pennsylvania to New Jersey (Fig. 3). 



10 



GEOGRAPHY 



The slopes of Kittatinny Mountain are steep and rocky, and 
the range is well forested. As yet no large lumbering op- 
erations have been undertaken in this region, but the forests 
are a valuable natural resource. The western slope of the 
range descends by a series of hills and valleys to the Delaware 

River. The eastern 
slope, which is the 
steeper of the two, 
drops abruptly to the 
Kittatinny Valley. 

The Kittatinny 
Valley is the north- 
ward extension of 
the great Appalach- 
ian Valley, which 
stretches northeast- 
ward between the 
ranges of the Ap- 
palachian Highlands 
from Alabama to the 
state of New York. 
This long, troughlike 
mountain valley is 
from ten to thirteen 
miles wide in New 
Jersey and lies about 
six hundred feet be- 
low the level of the 
crests of the high- 
lands that border it. This region is not the valley of one river 
alone, but is made up of a number of river valleys between 
which are low hills. Its rolling surface is dotted with dairy 
farms and fields of wheat, hay, alfalfa, corn, and other grains 
(see Frontispiece). 

Southeast of the Kittatinny Valley is the second section of 
the Appalachian Highlands, which is known as the Hii^hlands 
of New Jersey. The surface of the Highlands region is 




Fig. 3. Delaware Water Gap. A natural avenue of 

travel and communication between northern New 

Jersey and Pennsylvania 



SURFACE FEATURES 



II 



mountainous, and the average elevation of the summits is about 
one thousand feet. In the northwestern part some of the 
mountains rise to over twelve hundred feet. As a whole the 
ranges of the Highlands have a general northeast-to-southwest 
direction, like the Kittatinny Mountain range, but they differ 
from it in that they are not long, narrow, flat-topped ridges, 




Fig. 4. The hills and lakes of the Highlands of New Jersey combine to make 
this region an ideal vacation land 



but have a great variety of shapes. Some of them are ridge- 
like, but many are very irregularly shaped mountain masses. 
These mountains once stood much higher than they are to- 
day. Through long ages the rains, winds, rivers, snow, and 
ice have been at work wearing them down to their present level. 
It is believed that at one time all that part of New Jersey which 
belongs to the Appalachian Highlands was a broad, rolling 
plateau, and that the mountains and hills and valleys of today 
have been carved from the old plateau by these agents of 
nature. In wearing down the Highlands region the rivers have 
washed much rock material eastward over the Piedmont Belt, 
helping in this way to make its soils fertile. 



12 GEOGRAPHY 

The scenery of the Highlands region is very beautiful, and 
among its hills and mountains are many summer resorts. Be- 
tween the mountains are clear, sparkling lakes, many of which 
owe their origin to the great ice-sheet of which we shall study 
later (Fig. 4). Among these lakes the most notable are Hopat- 
cong, Greenwood, Macopin, Splitrock, Green, Wawayanda, 
and Budd. 

The minerals of the Highlands region form one of the natural 
resources of the state. Valuable deposits of iron, zinc, and 
cement rock are found, some of which are mined extensively. 

The Piedmont Belt. Lying southeast of the Highlands and 
parallel with them is a region of broad valleys and low hills, 
broken here and there by abrupt ridges that rise sharply above 
the surrounding country. This is the Piedmont Belt. The 
word Piedmont means "at the foot of the mountains." This 
belt is sometimes called the Sandstone Plain because large areas 
of it are composed of red sandstone. Its elevation varies from 
sea level to about nine hundred feet. The Piedmont varies from 
twenty to thirty miles in width and comprises approximately 
one fifth of the area of the state. 

The abrupt ridges which rise above the general level of the 
Piedmont Belt are composed of volcanic rock known as trap, 
and are therefore called trap ridges. These volcanic rocks 
were forced up through cracks in the sandstone in a molten 
state. As this molten material cooled, it formed rocks which 
are harder than the surrounding sandstones, and which, there- 
fore, have been better able to stand the wearing away by rain, 
frost, and rivers. This is the reason why they stand out today 
as distinct elevations above the Sandstone Plain. The Pal- 
isades, the Watchung Mountains, Sourland Mountain, Cush- 
etunk Mountain, and Rocky Hill are ridges of this type 

(Fig. 5). 

The trap ridges are generally forested, in contrast to the 
sandstone country, most of which is cultivated. Most of the 
large cities of New Jersey are located in the Piedmont Belt 
because of its nearness to the great ports of New York and 
Philadelphia. 



SURFACE FEATURES 



13 



The Coastal Plain. All that portion of New Jersey which 
lies southeast of the Piedmont Belt belongs to the Coastal 
Plain. This region is one hundred miles in length from Sandy 
Hook to Salem and is from twenty to sixty miles wide. The 
surface is gently sloping, with the exception of the Navesink 




Fig. 5. The Palisades rise abruptly along the New Jersey shore of the Hudson 
River, forming a solid wall of trap rock 



Highlands and Mount Pleasant Hills, where the highest eleva- 
tion is less than four hundred feet. Along the Atlantic coast, 
south of Point Pleasant, a long, broken row of sand ridges or 
sand bars rises above the sea level. These sand bars have been 
built up offshore by the action of the waves and ocean currents. 
The winds have piled up the sand on the bars in the form of sand 
dunes, which give the bars a very irregular surface (Fig. 6). 
Between these sand bars and the mainland there is an almost 
continuous channel of shallow water, which is fringed along the 
inner shore line by tidal marshes or salt meadows. At various 



14 



GEOGRAPHY 



points the bars are broken, and shallow inlets lead from the 
Atlantic Ocean into the landlocked bays. Because of these 
sand bars and the shallow water New Jersey has no good com- 
mercial harbor on the Atlantic coast from Sandy Hook to Cape 
May. Estimate this distance from the map following page 8. 




Fig. 6. Some of the sand dunes are partly covered with coarse grass. Others 

are bare and are being shifted about constantly by the wind. Can you estimate 

the height of the dune in the background by comparing it with the height 

of the man at the right in the picture ? 

The rock materials of which the Coastal Plain is composed 
were laid down in the waters of the ocean long, long ago, at 
a time when the sea beat directly against what is now the 
outer margin of the Piedmont Belt. Later the sea bottom was 
elevated, and thus the Coastal Plain came into existence. Since 
that elevation the shore line of New Jersey has sunk somewhat, 
drowning the mouths of the rivers and bringing into existence 
extensive areas of salt marshes. 

The soils of the Coastal Plain are varied and are found in 
roughly parallel belts. They consist of sands, gravels, clays, 



SURFACE FEATURES 



15 



and marls. The sand belts of New Jersey are infertile, but 
when fertilized can be made to produce abundant crops of 
vegetables and berries. They are used extensively for truck 
farms. In the southern part of the state the sands have given 
rise to a great glassmaking industry. In some parts of the 




Fig. 7. This is one of the extensive peach orchards on the Coastal Plain of 

southern New Jersey. Notice the careful cultivation of the land between the 

rows of trees. Find out the reasons for this cultivation 



state the sands are covered with a stunted growth of oak and 
pine, and in other parts with pine forests called ''The Pines." 
The gravels are used for making road-building materials. 
The clays are a very important resource because they make 
possible the great pottery industry of the state. The marls are 
very rich and make wonderfully productive agricultural and 
orchard lands (Fig. 7). The low, marshy bog lands are well 
adapted to the raising of cranberries. New Jersey's famous 
cranberry crop comes from Ocean, Atlantic, and Burlington 
counties. 



I 6 GEOGRAPHY 

EFFECTS OF THE GREAT ICE-SHEET 

The great continental ice-sheet, which long ago moved slowly 
southward from Canada over the northern part of the United 
States, affected only the northern portion of New Jersey. Very 
slowly the huge mass of ice, thousands of feet in thickness, 
crept southward across New England and New York State 
until, at last, its southern edge in New Jersey rested along a line 
which runs eastward and southward across the state from 
Belvidere to Morristown and Perth Amboy. Embedded in 
the ice was a great amount of sand, gravel, and bowlders which 
it had scraped from the land surfaces to the north as it moved 
over them. 

This great mass of rock-shod ice rounded and scratched the 
summits and slopes of the mountains over which it passed, and 
deepened the valleys, smoothing and polishing their sides and 
bottoms. Gradually the climate grew warmer and the ice 
slowly melted backward in the direction from which it had 
come. With the melting the rock material which it had been 
carrying was dropped irregularly over the land surface. This 
rock material, left behind by the ice-sheet as it retreated 
northward, is known as glacial drift. 

Along the line where its southern edge had rested in New 
Jersey it left an irregular deposit of bowlders, and hills of 
sand and gravel. This line of glacial drift forms the terminal 
moraine (see Fig. 17). North of the terminal moraine the 
glaciated area of New Jersey shows many proofs of the passage 
of the ice-sheet. In places the bare rock surfaces exhibit 
scratches and grooves made by the grinding force of the 
ice as it moved over them. Scattered over the hills and 
valleys alike are bowlders of various sizes and deposits of 
sand and gravel, some of which are many feet in thickness, 
while others have a depth of only a few feet (Fig. 8). 

In some of the river valleys, which had been deepened by 
the forward movement of the ice, the retreating glacier de- 
posited enough sand and gravel to dam the streams, and thus 
many of the beautiful lakes of northern New Jersey came into 



EFFECTS OF THE GREAT ICE-SHEET 



17 



existence. The rivers, blocked by the glacial deposits, were 
forced to find new channels, and some of them now follow 
courses many miles from the valleys in which they flowed 
before the glacial period. 

Among the rivers of New Jersey which were thrown out of 
their courses by the ice-sheet the Passaic is the most interesting. 




Fig. 8. This scene near Hackettstown is typical of the moraine belt of northern 
New Jersey. What counties are crossed by the terminal moraine ? 

It is believed that before the glacial period the Passaic flowed 
southeastward from Summit, emptying directly into the lower 
end of Newark Bay. When the ice melted, it left a line of 
morainal hills across the path of the river, obstructing its 
course and forcing it to turn northward, seeking an easier way 
to the sea. Today the Passaic flows many miles northward 
from Summit before it finds a route by which it can run east- 
ward and southward to the ocean. Trace the course of the 
Passaic River on the map following page 8. 

The visit of the great ice-sheet helped New Jersey in several 
ways. It gave to northern New Jersey the beautiful lakes 
which make the Highlands region an attractive vacation land 
for so many people. By turning the rivers out of their courses 



I 8 GEOGRAPHY 

and compelling them to wander over areas first of harder rocks 
and then of softer rocks, it was responsible for the develop- 
ment of many waterfalls which add beauty to the landscape 
and provide a valuable source of power. The falls of the 
Passaic River at Paterson occur where the stream flowed 
across a hard ridge of trap rock to an area of softer rocks. 
Gradually the softer rock was worn away, leaving the harder 
ridge standing above it, and thus the falls came into existence. 
In some parts of northern New Jersey the glacier enriched 
the soils by leaving behind it deposits of finely ground rock 
material composed of many kinds of minerals. These mixed 
glacial soils are rich in plant food and produce excellent crops. 

DRAINAGE 

Drainage basins. New Jersey is drained by a large number 
of small streams and a few larger rivers. In general the smaller 
rivers are those which rise along the low watershed of the 
Coastal Plain and flow eastward to the Atlantic Ocean or west- 
ward and southward to the Delaware River and Delaware Bay. 
These streams belong to the Atlantic Drainage Basin and to the 
southern half of the Delaware River Basin (see map follow- 
ing page 8). The Coastal Plain rivers which flow into the 
Atlantic Ocean have had their mouths drowned by the sinking 
of the coast line, which has allowed the ocean waters to extend 
for some distance upstream. These streams are strongly af- 
fected by the tides and are known as tidal rivers. The Nave- 
sink, Toms, Mullica, and Maurice rivers are good examples of 
this type (Fig. 9). 

The larger rivers of New Jersey are located in the northern 
part of the state and have their sources in the mountains and 
uplands of the three northern natural regions. Most of these 
rivers have been in existence much longer than the rivers of the 
Coastal Plain and are often referred to as true rivers. The 
Passaic and Raritan drainage basins cover a large proportion 
of the Highlands and the Piedmont Belt. We have already 
learned that the Passaic River was forced to change its course 



DRAINAGE 



19 



on account of the deposits of glacial drift left by the melting 
ice-sheet. The Raritan River suffered in the same way from 
the passage of the great glacier. These two rivers are the 
largest and the most important streams located within the 
boundaries of New Jersey. 

The long, winding courses of the Passaic and Raritan rivers 
stand out in sharp contrast to the shorter, straighter courses 




Fig. 9. This is the broad tidal mouth of the Maurice River. Most of the boats 
in the picture are used for gathering oysters 



of the Hackensack, Wallkill, and Musconetcong rivers. These 
three streams have carved their valleys through areas of com- 
paratively soft rock which run in a northeast-to-southwest di- 
rection, roughly parallel to the belts of the natural regions. 
Because they have encountered no great obstructions such as 
hills or mountain ridges they have been able to hold to much 
more direct courses than the Passaic and Raritan rivers. 

The lower courses of the Passaic, Raritan, and Hackensack 
rivers are affected by the tides in the same way that the rivers 
of the Atlantic Drainage Basin are affected, making them tidal 
rivers for some distance upstream from their mouths. 



20 



GEOGRAPHY 



Navigability of streams. The most important navigable rivers 
of New Jersey are not those which lie within the state, but 
those which border it — the Hudson and the Delaware. 

The Hudson River, which is navigable for large ships as 
far as Troy, New York, forms the southern part of a great 
water highway that leads from the Atlantic Ocean to the heart 



J • 




Fig. 10. Shipyards have been built along all Ihe larger navigable waterways 
of New Jersey. This one is on Newark Bay 



of the Central Plains of our country. The location of northern 
New Jersey at the eastern end of this great waterway is one of 
the important causes of the prosperity of this part of the state. 
Along the Hudson River, New York Bay, and Newark Bay 
have sprung up the great commercial cities of Hoboken, Jersey 
City, and Bayonne. Huge docks have been built along the 
water front of these cities for the accommodation of ocean- 
going steamers (Figs. lo, ii). 

The Delaware River is navigable for large vessels as far 
as Trenton. This navigability has led to the development of 



DRAINAGE 



21 



Camden and Trenton as ports of importance and has stimulated 
the growth of a great shipbuilding industry in this part of 
New Jersey. 

Other parts of the state benefit to a lesser extent from the 
navigability of the streams. Ships of moderate size steam 
up the Passaic River to Newark and Passaic and up the Raritan 




Fig. II. This ship is being loaded with grain at Edgewater. The cargo is 
destined for a European port 



River to New Brunswick. ]\Iany of the smaller tidal rivers of 
the Coastal Plain are navigable to some extent by vessels of 
Hght draft. 

Water power. We have already learned why the rivers of 
northern New Jersey have developed waterfalls along their 
courses. These waterfalls furnish abundant power which can 
be transformed into electricity and used to turn the wheels 
in mills and factories, to run the street cars, and to light the 
cities and towns. The larger falls have already been harnessed, 
but there are many smaller ones which will be used for power in 



22 



GEOGRAPHY 



the future. The falls of the Passaic River at Paterson and those 
of the Delaware River at Trenton provide power for many- 
great industrial plants (Fig. 12 ). Both of these great cities owe 
much of their prosperity to their abundant water power. 

The rivers of the Coastal Plain, which flow slowly over the 
gently sloping surface, have very little opportunity to develop 















Mv'/x 












W '■- 










, gi^ 


8Lt*-_:E-^ 






"•.''* , 


'•"m-J 


MHljbii 


i" u^'^ffl 


^m 


1*. 


<Hi,»„,, 




|VH|i 


• 


fess^ 


^^*^!3HBI 



■^1^ 



Fig. 12. This view of the falls of the Passaic at Paterson shows the hard 
ridge of trap rock over which the river flows 



falls, and this region of the state is poor in water power. This 
is one of the chief reasons why the large manufacturing centers 
of New Jersey are grouped in the northern part of the state. 
As we shall see later, the manufacturing industries of southern 
New Jersey owe their origin to natural resources other than 
water power. 

It is now possible to transmit the electricity generated by 
waterfalls over cables of copper wire to points several hundreds 
of miles from the power plants. Manufacturing plants can 
therefore make use of electricity for power even if they have 



DRAINAGE 23 

no means of generating it near at hand. For this reason it is 
likely that as the manufacturing industries of New Jersey in- 
crease in the future, the centers of production will be scattered 
more broadly over the state. 

Water supply. Wherever large numbers of people live and 
work together their prosperity depends to a large extent upon 
healthful living conditions. An abundant supply of pure water 
is therefore a necessity. New Jersey is fortunate in having 
sufficient rainfall to provide plenty of water for the people, 
but great care must be taken in order that it may reach the 
homes free from all harmful impurities. 

In the three northern regions of the state the water supply 
comes from the rivers that rise in the hills and mountains. In 
the early days the cities and towns along the streams drew 
their water directly from the rivers as they flowed by. As more 
and more people came to live in these centers it became unsafe 
to obtain water in this way, for the streams were polluted by the 
waste which was emptied into them. Furthermore, in some 
rivers there was often danger of a shortage of water during 
an unusually dry season. In the spring the streams of the 
Highlands are swollen and the steep slopes send the water 
rushing to the sea. If no effort is made to store any of it, and 
a long, dry summer follows, the streams become shallow, slug- 
gish, and muddy, the water supply is greatly reduced, and the 
health of the people is endangered. 

As the population of the cities and towns of northern New 
Jersey increased, it was clear that means must be taken to 
prevent the loss of water at the flood seasons and to insure 
its purity. Great storage reservoirs have been built in the 
hills and mountains near the sources of the streams. As the 
rain falls on the slopes, feeding th^ streams, their waters are 
caught and stored in these reservoirs before they reach any 
point where pollution can occur. From the reservoirs the water 
is sent through long pipe lines to the industrial and residential 
centers. In this way the people of the densely populated 
portions of the state are provided with a plentiful supply of 
pure water at all times of the year. 



24 GEOGRAPHY 

The metropolitan district of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Middle- 
sex, Passaic, and Union counties consumes the water from 
twenty-six different water systems. Long pipe lines convey 
the water from reservoirs at the headwaters of the Passaic 
and Pequanac rivers to Newark and of the Passaic and Rock- 
away rivers to Jersey City. Other cities in this area draw 
upon the Passaic, Wanaque, Ramapo, and Hackensack rivers 
for their water supply. 

In the Coastal Plain, where the population is less dense, the 
problem of obtaining a good water supply is not so great. A 
large number of the cities and towns are supplied with under- 
ground water from artesian wells. The Coastal Plain is com- 
posed of parallel layers of rock, all of which dip gently toward 
the ocean. Some of these rock layers are porous; that is, 
water can pass' through them. Others are impervious, or so 
solid that water cannot pass through them. The rain that falls 
along the inner margin of the plain where it is highest above 
sea level finds its way down into the ground and moves slowly 
seaward through the porous layers. The impervious layers pre- 
vent the water from escaping from the porous layers, and 
when a well is driven down through the impervious rock into 
a porous layer, the water often gushes to the surface. If it 
does not rise to the surface by its own pressure it can be 
pumped out. Thus the Coastal Plain offers exactly the right 
conditions for artesian wells. The water from such wells is 
pure, for the sand of the porous layers acts as a filter for the 
water, removing from it all impurities and foreign matter. 

The cities and towns of the Coastal Plain which are not 
served by artesian wells obtain their water supply from the 
small streams that make their way slowly over the gently 
sloping surface. Because these rivers flow slowly and because 
their beds are for the most part in sand, the amount of water 
in them is about the same at all times of the year and is 
sufficiently pure to be used with safety. The rivers and the 
layers of porous rock together provide a large natural storage 
of surface and underground water, and therefore the water 
supply of the Coastal Plain never fails. 




2 







I— ( 









V2 H 










CLIMATE 2 5 



CLIMATE 



The climate of New Jersey, with its abundant rainfall and 
its freedom from extremes of heat and cold, is favorable to the 
growth of a large variety of crops. This healthful and produc- 
tive climate is due to the location of New Jersey on the eastern 
coast of the United States and in the belt of westerly winds. 

The westerly winds blow from west to east over our country, 
bringing to the eastern part the summer heat and the winter 
cold of the great plains of the interior. If it were not for the 
fact that New Jersey borders the Atlantic Ocean the state would 
have very cold winters and intensely hot summers. Although 
the prevailing winds are from the west and northwest, the 
wind often blows from the east and southeast. These easterly 
winds come from over the ocean, which is cooler than the land 
in summer and warmer than the land in winter. Thus they 
serve to prevent extremes of temperature at all seasons. 

The rainfall of New Jersey comes partly from the storm 
centers that move across the country from the west with the 
prevailing winds, and partly from those which sweep northward 
from the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies. These storm 
centers draw the winds inward from all directions. When such 
a center passes over New Jersey the wind blows strongly from 
the east and southeast. These easterly winds bring most of the 
rainfall to the state, for they come from over the ocean and 
are heavily laden with moisture. The westerly winds bring 
much less moisture, for they have crossed the main ranges of the 
Appalachian Highlands before they reach New Jersey and 
have been forced to give up much of their moisture on the west- 
ern slopes. They serve, however, to increase the amount of 
rainfall in the northern portion of the state. 

The amount of rainfall in New Jersey varies very little from 
year to year and is well distributed through all the months, 
providing ample moisture for agriculture and keeping the 
streams well filled with water. In most years northern New 
Jersey receives a little more rainfall than the southern part 
of the state. 

J 



26 



GEOGRAPHY 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 

FORESTS AND LUMBERING 

When the European settlers first came to New Jersey they 
found the country almost entirely forested, and the land had 
to be cleared of trees before houses could be built and farming 




Fig. 13. These nit-ii aif beating out a forest fire with evergreen boughs.. Some- 
times brooms or shovels are used for this purpose 



could be begun. Whenever a man wished to build a house he 
had only to turn to the neighboring forest for all the lumber 
that he needed. Today New Jersey imports twenty times 
more lumber than it produces, although about two million 
acres, or 45 per cent of the land area, are still wooded. In past 
years much of the original forest of New Jersey has suffered 
from fires and careless lumbering, and the virgin timber has thus 
been greatly reduced. A State Forest Commission was organ- 
ized in 1905 and is pursuing a vigorous policy of safeguarding 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 27 



the forests. Local firewardens watch for forest fires, report 
them at once when discovered, and take effective means to 
check them (Fig. 13). Owners of wood lots and forest lands 
are being trained to care for the trees in a scientific way in 
order that the best 
use may be made 
of all the standing 
timber. Reckless 
and wasteful cut- 
ting is decreasing, 
cut-over areas are 
being reforested, 
and the present for- 
ests are being de- 
veloped and cared 
for in such a way 
as to serve the 
needs of the peo- 
ple to the best pos- 
sible advantage. In 
this way the good 
work of the Com- 
mission is resulting 
in true conservation 
of the forest re- 
sources of the state. 
Varieties of trees. 
The southern part of New Jersey belongs to the southern 
softwood forest of the United States, while the northern 
part of the state is included within the Appalachian hard- 
wood forest. The trees of the Coastal Plain are mostly pine 
and scrub oak. In the eastern portion of Monmouth, Ocean, 
and Burlington counties the Coastal Plain sands support a 
large growth of pine trees, on account of which the section 
is called ''The Pines" (Fig. 14). In the low-lying swamps 
and bogs of the plain there are abundant red and white 
cedars. On the hills and mountains of the northern portion of 




Fig. 14. One of the most beautiful sections of "The 
Pines" is near Lakewood, which is a popular resort 



28 



GEOGRAPHY 



the state the forests consist of oak, chestnut, hickory, birch, 
and other hardwood trees of commercial value. 

The State Forest Reserve. More than seventeen thousand 
acres of woodland are now owned by the state and are under 
the control of a special state department known as the Division 
of Forestry and Parks. These seventeen thousand acres 

are in seven different 
state forests, two of 
which are in the Kit- 
tatinny Mountain re- 
gion, while the other 
five are in the Coastal 
Plain (see Fig. 17). 
Each state forest is 
cared for by a state 
ranger, whose duty it 
is to see that forest 
fires are prevented or 
speedily checked and 
that the trees are 
cared for according 
to modern scientific 
methods (Fig. 15). 
In these state forests 
experiments in forest 
culture are being 
carried on. Through 
these experiments the 
people of New Jersey 
are learning how to 
use their forest resources to the best advantage. Wasteful cut- 
ting is thus discouraged and the best methods of lumbering are 
demonstrated. Much work is also being done in the reforesta- 
tion of cut-over mountain slopes and bare watersheds. The 
state forests are also being used as camping grounds for those 
who love out-of-door life, and in this way are contributing to 
the health and happiness of the people. 




Fig. is. This is a 
tatinny Mountain. 



lu'L' luukuuL slalKJii uii KiL- 

From March until December 

a watcher is on duty here every day except when 

it rains or when the woodlands are thoroughly 

wet from a recent storm 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 29 

The Palisades Interstate Park, which is located along the 
banks of the Hudson in New York and New Jersey, has an 
extent of about twelve miles in New Jersey. The two states 
are jointly developing this beautiful tract of land, conserving its 
forest resources and its scenic beauty, and opening it up as a 
camping resort for the people. 

ANIMALS AND GAME BIRDS 

In many parts of New Jersey there are opportunities for 
good hunting and fishing. Quail and rabbits are abundant in 
southern New Jersey, and deer are found in several counties. 
Many kinds of duck swim in the bays and inlets of the coast. 
Snipe, mudhen, reedbirds, rail, woodcock, and grouse are also 
hunted by the sportsmen. 

FISHERIES 

The mountains and uplands of the northern portion of the 
state contain many fine trout streams which attract large 
numbers of fishermen each year. Other game fish which are 
caught in the inland waters are bass, pike, perch, and pickerel. 
These waters are constantly restocked with fish from the state 
fish hatcheries at Hackettstown. 

Shore fisheries. Of much greater importance to the state as 
a whole are the commercial fisheries of the waters along the 
shore. The gently sloping Coastal Plain extends beyond the 
coast line of New Jersey, beneath the waters of the Atlantic 
Ocean, forming the Continental Shelf. The waters that cover 
this shelf are nowhere more than five hundred feet deep, and 
these comparatively shallow waters abound in fish. Large num- 
bers of sturgeon, bluefish, and weakfish are caught each year 
in the bays and offshore waters of New Jersey and sold as food. 

In the past the shad fisheries of New Jersey were important 
and yielded a considerable income to the state. The shad is 
a fish which swims up the rivers each spring to lay its eggs, 
and large numbers used to be found in the Hudson and Dela- 
ware rivers, as well as in the smaller tidal streams of New 



30 



GEOGRAPHY 



Jersey. In recent years the waters of the Hudson have become 
so polluted by the waste and refuse from the cities and towns 
along its banks that the shad fisheries have been given up. For 
the same reason the yield in the Delaware River has been 
growing less each year. 

The shellfish. The shallow coastal waters of New Jersey 
make possible another fishing industry which is much more 




Fig. 1 6. Large numbers of men in New Jersey are engaged in the oyster indus- 
try. These oystermen make their headquarters at Bivalve. Find out the relation 
between the name of this place and the oyster business 



important than the catching of the fish already mentioned. This 
is the shellfish industry, which is carried on extensively in 
Cumberland, Cape ]\Iay, Atlantic, Ocean, Burlington, and 
Monmouth counties. The shallow waters, partly salt and 
partly fresh, of the coves and bays here provide food for 
immense numbers of oysters and clams. 

Oysters live by attaching themselves to shells or stones on 
the sea bottom. They are gathered by means of dredges and 
tongs which are made especially for the purpose. The oyster- 
men own their plots of oyster beds much as farmers own their 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 31 

fields, and in many places where the natural growth of the 
oysters is not enough to supply the demand, they are culti- 
vated (Fig. 16). Clams bury themselves in the soft mud of the 
coastal fiats and are dug at low tide, when the fiats are out 
of water. 

The value of the shellfish industry of New Jersey is esti- 
mated at more than :>4,ooo,ooo each year. Bivalve, on the 
Maurice River, is one of the greatest shipping centers for 
oysters in the country. Hundreds of thousands of bushels are 
shipped from here annually. Other important shipping points 
are Maurice River, Greenwich, Pleasantville, Absecon, Tucker- 
ton, and Keyport. 

SOILS AND AGRICULTURE 

New Jersey stands unexcelled in the variety and abundance 
of crops raised and in the high value of its agricultural products. 
The summer is warm, the winter is mild, the rainfall is abun- 
dant, and much of the soil is fertile and well drained. 

The map on page 32 ( Fig. 17 ) shows the types of soils in the 
different parts of New Jersey. Compare this map with the map 
showing natural regions following page 8, and notice how the 
different soil-type areas correspond in a general way with the 
natural regions. Following is a description of the different 
soil types by numbers. 

Soil type i. Level to very gently rolling land ; soils sandy and 
sandy loams ; parts of the area well drained, other parts poorly 
drained. Suitable to the production of market-garden crops, tree 
fruits, small fruits, and cranberries. An excellent poultry-raising 
area. Irrigation practiced in some parts. Some portions unsuited 
to agriculture and should remain in forest growth. 

Soil type 2. Level and gently rolling land ; soils loams to sandy 
loams, with some marls ; generally well drained. Suitable to the 
production of large crops of truck, potatoes, tomatoes, fruit, and 
corn. Soils extremely fertile. 

Soil type j. Gently rolling land with some rock ridges ; south 
of the moraine soils loamy, shaly, or clayey ; north of the moraine 
considerable glacial drift, soils frequently gravelly and sandy loams ; 




Fig. 17. Sec pages 31 and 3^ for description of soil types by numbers 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 33 

generally well drained. Soils rich in plant food, capable of producing 
large yields of hay, corn, grain, and forage crops. 

Soil type 4. Rolling to hilly land ; soils commonly loams, often 
stony ; some broad, fertile limestone valleys ; well drained. Rich 
pasture lands ; gently sloping hillsides ideal sites for fruit orchards 
and dairy-farming. 

Soil type 5. Rolling to hilly land, occasionally mountainous ; 
soils loams and sandy loams ; generally well drained ; considerable 
areas of muck lands only partially developed. Hillsides and valleys 
suitable to orchards and dairy-farming ; market-gardening on some 
of the rich muck lands. 

New York and Philadelphia are within a few hours' ride of 
the largest farms. In addition to these great city markets, the 
seaside and mountain resorts of the state, where thousands of 
visitors are entertained at all seasons of the year, provide 
abundant markets for all kinds cf vegetables and fruits. 

Market-gardening and truck-farming are carried on in all 
parts of the state, but especially in the sections near the large 
cities. Northern New Jersey, with its fertile valleys and never- 
failing water supply, produces great quantities of hay, corn, 
grain, and forage crops and is especially fitted for dairying 
and sheep-raising. New Jersey was among the first of the 
states to engage in the production of certified milk. Today 
the average value of dairy cows equals that of any state in 
the Union. 

The sloping hillsides of this northern section provide ideal 
locations for peach, pear, and apple orchards. The southern 
section, with its sandy loams, is famous for the production of 
market-garden crops, tree fruits, berries, grapes, cranberries, 
melons, peas, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, asparagus, corn, cel- 
ery, and onions. 

Half of the peppers grown in the United States are raised in 
New Jersey, and one third of the cranberry crop of the world 
is produced in this state. It ranks first of all the states in the 
Union in berry-growing and second in the production of aspara- 
gus. Three out of the first five sweet-potato-producing coun- 
ties in the country are in New Jersey. 



34 



GEOGRAPHY 



Dairying. The nearness of all parts of New Jersey to the 
great centers of population in and around New York and Phila- 
delphia creates an ever-increasing demand for dairy products 
and makes dairying a profitable industry. The state ranks high 
in the production of pure-bred dairy cattle. Great care is taken 




Fig. i8. The man in this picture is collecting cans of cream for a New Jersey 

creamery. The farmers place their cans on the roadside platforms where they 

can easily be loaded on the motor truck 



to prevent disease among the stock and to maintain a high 
standard of quality in the milk and cream. 

Northern New Jersey, with its rolling hills and fertile val- 
leys, is an ideal dairying section. The upland portions of the 
three northern natural regions provide extensive grazing and 
pasture lands. Excellent crops of corn, hay, and oats are grown 
in the valleys for feed, and the many streams provide an 
abundance of water. Nearly every farm in this northern sec- 
tion of the state has its dairy herd, with its clean, modern barn, 
and its silo for the storage of winter feed. Every day long 
trainloads of fresh milk and cream are sent to the city markets 
and to the creameries and condenseries (Fig. i8). 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 35 

The Coastal Plain of southern New Jersey also has several 
large dairying areas. One of these dairying centers is located 
in the northwestern parts of Monmouth and Burlington coun- 
ties, not far from Trenton. Another is in the southern part of 
the state, in Salem County and the northern portion of Cumber- 
land County, In these areas large quantities of corn are grown 
in the well-drained, sandy soils and used for ensilage for winter 
feeding. The season when the cows can be pastured out of 
doors is longer here than in northern New Jersey owing to the 
greater mildness of the climate. 

Although dairying is already one of the leading industries of 
New Jersey, there is every reason to believe that it will in- 
crease in years to come. The population of the industrial and 
commercial cities within and bordering the state is constantly 
increasing, and with greater numbers of people the demand 
for dairy products grows each year. With its broad areas of 
rolling pasture land, its fertile soils, and its never-failing water 
supply. New Jersey possesses all the necessary conditions for 
further expansion of the dairying industry. 

Market-gardening. INIarket-gardening and truck-farming are 
another form of agriculture which springs up in response to 
the demands of large centers of population for fresh veg- 
etables. It is not surprising, therefore, that large areas of the 
agricultural lands of New Jersey are devoted to the production 
of vegetables of all kinds. The chief market-gardening and 
trucking sections are in the districts surrounding the large 
cities, where the transportation of garden products to market 
is made easy by the many railroads and motor highways. 

The growing of vegetables requires good soils and a plentiful 
supply of water. Both of these conditions are found in New 
Jersey, although the soils differ considerably in the various 
market-gardening districts. In addition to these first neces- 
sities, the market gardener must exercise much care in the 
fertilization and drainage of his soil and in the planting, 
cultivating, and harvesting of his crops. Furthermore, he must 
be able to transport his products to market quickly and with- 
out danger of damage to them through excessive heat or cold. 



36 



GEOGRAPHY 



In northern New Jersey the principal market-gardening dis- 
trict is in the northeastern part of the state, extending from 
Bergen County southward through Essex and Union counties 
to Middlesex County. The soils in this district are largely 
loams, some of which are rather heavy for market-gardening, 
and therefore require the careful use of lime and fertilizers 




Fig. 19. These men are harvesting the spinach crop on a Coastal Plain truck 
farm in southern New Jersey 

for the successful growth of vegetables. Under skillful cultiva- 
tion, however, even the heaviest loams produce such excellent 
vegetables that it is well worth while for the gardeners to make 
use of them. This would not be true if the great metropolitan 
district, with its millions of people, were not close at hand to 
provide a ready market for all the products that the gardeners 
can raise. Almost every kind of vegetable is grown in this 
section — sweet corn, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach (Fig. 19), 
celery, asparagus, tomatoes, lettuce, and many others. 

A second market-gardening belt extends from north of Tren- 
ton, in Mercer County, southward along the Delaware River 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 37 

into Salem County, In general the soils of this district are 
sandy and much lighter than those of the northern district. 
The natural conditions are therefore somewhat more favorable 
to the market-gardening industry. The gardeners in this sec- 
tion find their markets in the line of cities and towns that 
stretches from Trenton southward along the river. Here also 




Fig. 20. The baskets in this view contain tomatoes raised on southern New 

Jersey truck farms. They are here shown piled up on a wharf on the Cohansey 

River awaiting shipment 

a great variety of products is raised, among them peppers, 
sweet potatoes, cantaloupes, watermelons, tomatoes (Fig, 20), 
peas, beans, and sweet corn. 

Still another market-gardening belt is found in the eastern 
part of the Coastal Plain, bordering the ocean from Sandy 
Hook to Cape May. Here the production is chiefly for the 
large numbers of visitors who are entertained at the ocean re- 
sorts each year, and is carried on only in the months when the 
demand makes it worth while. An exception to this general 



38 



GEOGRAPHY 



rule is found in Monmouth County, which helps to supply the 
New York market and therefore finds a ready sale for its 
products at all seasons. The light, sandy soils of this coastal 
district are favorable to the industry, and as the demands of 
the cities increase, more and more acreage will undoubtedly 
be devoted permanently to market gardens and truck farms. 




Fig. 21. The tomatoes shown in Fig. 20 have been loaded on a barge and are 

being towed down the Cohansey River to Delaware Bay. They will be taken 

up the Delaware River to a soup-manufacturing plant at Camden 



In addition to raising vegetables for city consumption, many 
New Jersey market gardeners send their products to the 
canning factories, where the vegetables are put up in air-tight 
tins and sent to all parts of the world. More than sixty canning 
factories, one of these the largest in the United States, take care 
of the surplus products which are raised and are not needed for 
immediate consumption (Figs. 20, 21). The canning industry 
is especially important in the central and southern portions of 
the state. 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 39 



The fruit industry. All the temperate-zone fruits — peach, 
pear, apple, cherry, quince, grape, bush and vine berries — 
can be grown successfully in New Jersey, and the state is noted 
for its fine orchards. In addition to suitable soils, fruit-growing 
as a business demands a climate that is free from early killing 
frosts. The climate of New Jersey, tempered by the nearness 





Fig. 22. Some of the men in this picture arc picking apples while others are 
sorting them and packing them in barrels 

of the Atlantic Ocean, meets this demand and thus makes 
the production of fruit possible in all parts of the state. 

The well-drained hillside soils of the Appalachian and Pied- 
mont regions in the northern part of the state support ex- 
tensive orchards of apple and peach trees. Apples and peaches 
are also grown in many parts of the Coastal Plain (Fig. 22). 
The chief centers for the production of apples are Newton, 
Blairstown, Moorestown, Middletown, Cranbury, Beverly, 
Hackettstown, Glassboro, and Bridgeton. 

The peach orchards of New Jersey produce fruit of ex- 
ceptional color and flavor, rivaling the peaches of Delaware 
and Georgia. Vineland, Hammonton, Bridgeton, Glassboro, 



40 GEOGRAPHY 

Moorestown, Beverly, Hopewell, and Lebanon are the chief 
centers of the commercial peach-growing industry. 

The production of berries is an important industry of the 
state and is carried on for the most part on the Coastal Plain, 
where the sandy loams and mild temperatures provide perfect 




Fig. 23. At harvest time lines of wagons and trucks loaded with potatoes can 

be seen at the railroad sidings in New Jersey. Each driver is waiting his turn to 

transfer his load to the freight cars 

growing conditions. Blackberries, dewberries, raspberries, 
gooseberries, and strawberries are extensively grown in 
Atlantic, Cumberland, Camden, Burlington, and Monmouth 
counties. 

Grapes are raised in the southern half of the Coastal Plain, 
where the temperatures are the warmest of the entire state. 
The principal producing sections are Burlington, Atlantic, and 
Cumberland counties. 

Potatoes. In proportion to its size New Jersey ranks fore- 
most of all the potato-producing states. Three hundred to 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 41 

three hundred and fifty bushels to the acre is not an uncom- 
mon yield in some sections. This is the most valuable of the 
special crops raised in the state (Fig. 23). 

The inner portion of the Coastal Plain is the great potato- 
producing area of the state, and the light, sandy soils are 




Fig. 24. Often the boys and girls help in the cranberry pickii]-, uuiKiny across 
the bogs in long rows 

particularly well adapted to sweet potatoes. Monmouth, Mid- 
dlesex, Burlington, and Salem counties lead in the production 
of white potatoes. The chief centers for the famous "Jersey 
Sweets" are Vineland, Swedesboro, Cedarville, Newport, and 
Dividing Creek. 

Cranberries, The low, marshy lands bordering the small 
streams in the counties of Ocean, Burlington, and Atlantic 
make excellent cranberry bogs. The cranberry-grower first 
clears his land, then plows and harrows it, and finally digs 
trenches through it. Then the bogs are covered with a thick 
layer of sand, and the little plants, or "cuttings," are set out in 
long rows. 

J 



42 GEOGRAPHY 

Early in the fall the bogs are flooded to prevent the tender 
little plants from being killed by the winter frosts. Dikes, or 
walls, are built around the bogs to keep the water from running 
off. Late in the spring, when all danger of frost is over, the 
bogs are drained, and through the warm summer the plants 
grow and the cranberries mature. In the autumn the pickers 
go over the fields with scoops and gather the berries (Fig. 24). 

In years when sugar is plentiful the cranberry bogs yield 
a large revenue to their owners. If sugar is scarce or the price 
unusually high, the demand for cranberries is much less, for 
the berries are so sharp to the taste that they cannot be used 
as food without being sweetened. 

MINERAL RESOURCES 

Iron. In the early colonial days the mining of iron ore was 
one of New Jersey's greatest industries. During the last forty 
years, however, the industry has declined in importance be- 
cause of the great expense of mining the ore from the deep 
beds, some of which are a thousand feet underground. In other 
parts of the country iron ore had been discovered at or very 
near the surface of the ground and could be mined so much 
more cheaply than the New Jersey ores that the industry in this 
state could not be carried on with profit. Within the last few 
years there has been a slight revival of New Jersey iron-mining, 
and as time goes on and the demand for iron increases it is 
believed that New Jersey may again take a place of importance 
among the states in this industry. At present iron ore from the 
Highlands of New Jersey is being smelted at Oxford in Warren 
County, at Dover and Wharton in Morris County, and at 
Ringwood in Passaic County. 

Zinc. New Jersey is the second zinc-producing state in the 
Union, being surpassed only by the state of Oklahoma. The 
mines at Franklin and Ogdensburg in Sussex County contain 
the richest zinc ores as yet discovered in the world (Fig. 25). 
Many other kinds of minerals are found with the zinc ores, 
some of which are of commercial value. 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 43 

The chief products from zinc are oxide of zinc and spelter. 
Oxide of zinc is extensively used in the manufacture of rub- 
ber and in the making of paints. Zinc spelter is metallic zinc, 
which is used for covering iron and steel to prevent the rusting 
of these metals. This process is known as galvanizing. The 
spelter is also an important article in various arts and trades. 




Fig. 25. A zinc mine at Franklin in Sussex County. Locate Franklin on the 
map following page 8 and note in what natural region it is situated 

Building stones. In addition to its mineral resources of iron 
and zinc, New Jersey has several kinds of rock which are 
quarried extensively for building and other purposes. Gran- 
ite and limestone of good quality for buildings are quarried 
in the Appalachian Highlands region. These two stones are 
also used to some extent for monuments. The slate of the Ap- 
palachian region is being quarried in increasing quantities for 
use in roofing and for making slate products. The blackboards 
in our schoolrooms are among the many useful articles that are 
made from slate. Can you name other slate products ? 

The sandstone of the Piedmont Belt is also worked to some 
extent for building purposes. Northern New Jersey contains 
some marble and serpentine, which are quarried for purposes of 
interior decoration. 



44 



GEOGRAPHY 



Cement industry. In the western part of the Highlands, 
near PhilHpsburg, the production of cement has become an 
important industry (Fig, 26). The limestone and shale of this 
region are ground, mixed, and fused to make the cement which 
is used in many kinds of construction work. In the last few 




Fig. 26. In the foreground of this picture is the quarry of a large cement manu- 
facturing company at Alpha. Notice the inclined railway by which the rock 
materials are taken to the plant 

years cement has to a large extent taken the place of granite, 
limestone, and sandstone for building purposes, and undoubt- 
edly the rich stores of New Jersey limestone and slate will be 
drawn upon still more extensively for this purpose in the future. 

Trap rock. From the quarries of the Piedmont Belt great 
quantities of crushed stone, particularly trap rock, are used 
for road-making, railroad beds, and building purposes. The 
hardness of this rock and its uniform size when crushed make 
it especially valuable for road-building (Fig. 27). 

Glass sand. The Coastal Plain furnishes sands of many 
kinds used for building and molding. In the southern part 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 45 

sand for glassmaking is found in abundance. This sand con- 
tains fine quartz, which is mixed with other substances, such as 
lime, soda, and saltpeter, to make an excellent quality of glass. 
Many glass factories have been erected near these deposits — 
at Millville, Glassboro, Salem, Bridgeton, and Vineland, where 




Fig. 27. One of the striking features of the trap-rod^, quarries 
columnlike appearance of the rock 



is the 



thousands of people are employed in the making of all kinds of 
glass articles. Try to find out about the art of glass-blowing. 
Clay deposits and products. One of the most valuable min- 
eral products of New Jersey is the clay of Mercer and Middle- 
sex counties. In color the clays are either blue, brown, black, 
red, white, or yellow. These clay beds are to be found about 
ten feet beneath the surface and range from four to forty feet in 
thickness. The richest clay beds are near the mouth of the 
Raritan River— at Perth Amboy, Woodbridge, South Amboy, 



46 



GEOGRAPHY 



and Sayreville (Fig. 28). Here are dug the high-grade ware, 
fire, and terra-cotta clays, as well as many cheaper varieties. 
Here, too, are located great factories for the manufacture of fire 
brick, floor tile, hollow tile, ornamental terra cotta, and build- 
ing brick, Perth Amboy is the greatest center for brick tile 
and terra cotta in the state. Locate Perth Amboy on your map. 




Fig. 28. This is a clay pit at Woodbridge. Notice the depth of the layers 
of clay as compared with the height of the men and horses 



Trenton ranks second among the pottery centers of the 
United States. It has over forty potteries, yielding an annual 
output valued at more than S9,ooo,ooo. While about one 
fourth of all the clay mined in New Jersey is shipped away, 
finer clays from the Southern states and New England are im- 
ported for use at Trenton. Here are produced the heavy 
sanitary ware from the Mercer clay and the delicate china 
from the imported clay. 

Potash. Along the inner margin of the Coastal Plain, ex- 
tending across the state from near Sandy Hook in the northeast 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 47 

to the Delaware River near Salem in the southwest, is a belt of 
rock material known as greensand marl. The greensands of 
this belt contain potash, a mineral substance which is used in 
the manufacture of fertilizers. As yet but Uttle use has been 
made of this mineral resource of New Jersey on account of the 
difficulty of extracting the potash from the rock grains in which 
it is found. Scientists are perfecting processes by which the ex- 
traction may be made economically, and when these processes 
are put into general use the New Jersey greensands will provide 
a valuable source of potash supply. 

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 

Advantages for manufacturing. The industrial prominence 
of New Jersey is due to its favorable geographical position in 
the center of the area of densest population in the United 
States and at the eastern gateway of the whole country. This 
position has led to the development of great lines of trans- 
portation which carry the raw materials and the manufactured 
products of the state directly to the world commercial markets 
of New York and Philadelphia. The water front of northern 
New Jersey on the Hudson River, New York Bay, Newark 
Bay, Staten Island Sound, and Raritan Bay, and that of south- 
ern New Jersey on the Delaware, offer abundant space for 
wharfage, making shipment by water easy (Fig. 29). 

These advantages alone, however, would not make New 
Jersey a great manufacturing state. Its own rich natural re- 
sources and its nearness to the coal fields of Pennsylvania 
have been very important factors in its development. Raw 
materials for some of the leading industries are found within 
the limits of the state itself — clay for the pottery works, glass 
sand for the glassmaking industry, and zinc ore for the zinc 
smelters and the galvanizing plants. Other raw materials, such 
as petroleum, rubber, iron, and steel, are imported into the state 
in large quantities. The possession of certain raw materials 
and the fact that others may be imported easily have aided 
greatly in the development of manufacturing. 



48 



GEOGRAPHY 



In addition to an abundance of raw materials and easy 
means of transportation, manufacturing demands power to 
turn the wheels in the mills and factories. New Jersey is 
fortunate in having water power which can be transformed 
into electric power for this purpose. Electric power and steam 
power can also be created by burning coal, and again New 




Fig. -u. lliubf latLuiy buildings are typical of the hundreds of manufacturing 
plants that line the industrial water front of northern New Jersey 

Jersey is favored by its nearness to the great coal fields of 
its neighbor state, Pennsylvania, from which it can obtain its 
coal supplies easily and cheaply. 

A final necessity for manufacturing is a good supply of 
labor. The large cities of New York and Philadelphia receive 
thousands of immigrants from Europe each year, many of 
whom settle in the neighboring cities of New Jersey and earn 
their living in the factories. Many of these immigrants are 
unskilled workers; others have learned some special trade in 
the home country which helps them to fill positions requiring 
more training. Besides the immigrants from other countries, 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 49 

the great commercial cities of the eastern seaboard attract 
from other parts of the United States large numbers of people 
who wish to enjoy the pleasures and amusements of a city 
while earning their living. Thus there is seldom a lack of 
industrial workers in the New Jersey manufacturing centers. 

The advantages for manufacturing are so great in New 
Jersey that new industries are constantly being established and 
manufacturers are always seeking new sites for factories. Land 
has become so valuable around the industrial centers that the 
market gardeners are selling their farms for factory and resi- 
dential sites and are moving farther away from the cities. 
Much low, swampy land that formerly was thought to be good 
for nothing is now being drained and improved for the same 
purpose. The value of the reclaimed areas is so great when 
devoted to industrial uses that the expense of reclamation is 
well warranted. 

Mosquito-controlled marshes. A large portion of the area 
of New Jersey is affected by mosquitoes. The salt-marsh 
mosquitoes are the worst pest, for they fliy from thirty to forty 
miles and cause discomfort by day as well as by night. Indeed, 
they make life so uncomfortable that they lower the land value 
of the farms and the seashore resorts. Many business firms 
from New York and Philadelphia would invest more money in 
the development of New Jersey's resources if the mosquitoes 
were suppressed. Control of this nuisance depends upon de- 
stroying the stagnant marshes and swamps, which are the 
breeding places of the insects. This can be done by digging 
deep, narrow ditches with outlets to the ocean which allow 
the tidal waters to flood and drain the marshes each day. The 
incoming tide brings with it a multitude of fish which eat the 
young mosquitoes, and the outgoing tide scours the marshes, 
carries away all stagnant matter, and kills more of the young 
mosquitoes by draining off the water, without which they can- 
not live. By draining and cleansing the salt marshes and 
destroying the mosquitoes in this way large areas of land may 
be made available for use as sites for factories and industrial 
plants. 



r 



50 GEOGRAPHY 

A plan to rid the state of its salt-marsh mosquitoes in five 
years has been indorsed by the State Chamber of Commerce 
and various business interests. In the metropolitan district of 
northern New Jersey lies a salt-marsh area of more than 
twenty-eight thousand acres. Here the destruction of the 
mosquitoes has been taken up in earnest. About 60 per cent 
of this vast marsh is already under control, and industrial 
development of the area has begun. The success of the plan in 
this section of the state shows clearly the benefits which will 
follow the control of the salt-marsh mosquitoes in other parts 
of the state. With the assurance of greater freedom from these 
pests, the waste lands of New Jersey will soon be valuable sites 
for homes and factories (see Fig. 30). 

Rank in manufacturing. Although New Jersey is forty-sixth 
among the states in area, it stands sixth in the total value of 
manufactured goods. In the variety of industrial products it 
exceeds every other state. 

New Jersey takes first rank among the states in the manu- 
facture of silk goods, linoleum, and sewing machines, in the 
smelting and refining of copper, and in the refining of pe- 
troleum. It ranks second in the manufacture of chemicals, 
rubber products, pottery, terra cotta, brick, and other clay 
products, and third in the manufacture of electrical supplies. 
Other products are woolen goods, jewelry, pens, paints and 
varnishes, leather goods, wire and wire rope, and phonographs. 

Shipbuilding. Before the Civil War ships were built only 
of wood, and for this reason New England, with its vast forests, 
was the early shipbuilding center of the United States. After 
the famous fight between the Monitor and Merrimac people 
began to build iron and steel vessels. New England has no 
resources of iron and coal, and so it was natural that the ship- 
building industry should move southward to points on the 
Atlantic coast which were nearer the great Appalachian stores 
of these important raw materials. Today the shipbuilding 
yards are located in many important cities along the eastern 
seacoast, from Maine southward, but the center of the industry 
is on the Delaware River. 



NEW JERSEY 

SHOWING Salt Marsh 
Mosquito Control 



Area originally infested by 
salt marsh mosquitoes en- 
closed by broken line 

CONDITION IN 1919 
^^H Tidal marshes undrained 



Tidal marshes partly or 
completely drained 



Areas practically freed of 
salt marsh mosquitoes 




Areas still infested by 
salt marsh mosquitoes 



Fig. 30. Study this map carefully. Note the extent of the area originally infested 

by mosquitoes and the progress which has been made in ridding the different parts 

of the state of these pests 



52 



GEOGRAPHY 



New Jersey has many shipyards, one of which ranks today 
as the largest and most complete yard in the world. This yard, 
which employs many thousand workers, is located on the 
Delaware River front at Camden. During the World War its 

shipways were in- 
creased from ten 
to twenty-eight, 
and it delivered 
more ships than 
any other yard in 
the country. One 
of these boats 
broke all records 
for speedy con- 
struction. This 
was the collier 
Tuckahoe. On the 
twenty - seventh 
day after the lay- 
ing of the keel had 
begun, the Tucka- 
//oc was launched, 
and on the forty- 
second day it 
docked at Bos- 
ton with a load of 
coal from Balti- 
more ( Figs. 3 1 , 
32). This rapid 
shipbuilding was made possible by a modern method of con- 
struction called ship "fabrication." Every part of the ship, 
exact in size and shape, is made in the steel factories of the 
shipbuilding plant. These parts are then assembled and fitted 
together, forming the complete boat. 

Destroyers, battleships, oil tankers, cargo steamers, passen- 
ger steamers, tugs, ferryboats, car floats, and lighthouse tenders 
are now built in this way. 




Fig. 31. The Tuckahoe on the thirteenth day of its 

construction. (Courtesy of New York Shipbuilding 

Corporation, Camden, N.J.) 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 53 

Oil refining. New Jersey has the greatest oil refineries in 
the world. The large refineries located at Bayonne and 
Jersey City receive the crude petroleum by means of pipe lines 
from the fields of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Texas, and Louisiana. 
A series of high- 
power pumping 
stations are used 
to force the oil 
through the long 
pipe lines and 
into the huge 
steel tanks at the 
refineries. Crude 
oil is also brought 
to the ports of 
New Jersey from 
Mexico by tank 
steamers. 

In the great 
refining plants 
of New Jersey 
the crude oil is 
treated in such 
a way as to yield 
a large number 
of useful prod- 
ucts. The four 
main products 
are gasoline and 
the lighter oils, kerosene^ lubricants, and fuel oil. The by- 
products of petroleum are vaseline, paraffin wax, road oil, 
asphalt, and hundreds of other useful substances. By refining 
the crude petroleum and getting from it all these different 
products each gallon of crude oil can be made to serve a far 
greater number of useful purposes than if it were burned or 
otherwise used in the form in which it comes from the ground. 
This is true conservation of petroleum (Fig. 33). 




Fig. 32. The Tiickahoe on the twenty-seventh day, just 
ready for launching. (Courtesy of New York Ship- 
building Corporation, Camden, N. J.) 



54 



GEOGRAPHY 



Many pages of this book would be needed to name all the 
uses of petroleum products. Gasoline is one of the world's 
chief sources of motive power and was enormously important in 
the World War, where it was used in the transportation of 
troops, supplies, and munitions during the field operations. 
Gasoline makes it possible to move by motor truck immense 




Fig. S3- An uil-rcl'ining plant at Bayunne, where, by a heating process, the 
lighter oils are separated from the petroleum 



quantities of freight from producers to distributing centers in 
New Jersey. Kerosene has proved to be one of the great 
civilizing factors in the progress of the world. Lubricants are 
absolutely essential to the smooth running of machinery of all 
kinds. Fuel oils have greatly increased the power of our navy, 
making it possible for ships to go much greater distances with- 
out replenishing their fuel supply. 

The petroleum products of New Jersey are distributed to 
all parts of the world by railroad and steamship. Long lines 
of tank cars carry illuminating oil to the cities of the United 
States. A great fleet of boats is in constant use transporting 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 55 

the products to foreign countries. Every year the world needs 
more of these petroleum products, and the New Jersey re- 
fining industry will undoubtedly continue to increase. 

Silk. Silk manufacturing is the most important industry of 
New Jersey. The manufacture of sewing-silk was begun in 
Paterson in 1830, and from this beginning has grown the entire 




Fig. 34. This is the warping room in a Paterson silk mill. The silk threads are 
wound off the spools at the right and on the creels at the left 



industry of New Jersey. In the early days sewing-silk was 
sold in skeins, for no one had thought of using spools. Later 
Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine, found that it 
was impossible to feed his machine from skeins, and this led 
to the winding of sewing-silk on spools. The first silk thread 
used on the newly invented sewing machines came from 
Trenton. 

Raw silk is not produced in the United States, and therefore 
the raw materials for this industry must be imported from for- 
eign countries. The silk fiber is obtained from the cocoon of 



56 GEOGRAPHY 

the silkworm, which is raised in China, Japan, and the coun- 
tries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The care of the silk- 
worm and the preparation of the fibers require much time and 
patient work and can only be carried on profitably in countries 
where labor is plentiful and cheap. 

All the raw silk used in the silk manufacturing of the United 
States comes from Japan, China, Italy, and France. In this 
— K country it is woven 




Fig. 35. This drawing shows the size of an ingot 

and a billet compared with a boy. The ingot is 

at the boy's right and the billet at his left 



into broad silk, silk 
goods, and ribbons. 
The industry is car- 
ried on chiefly by 
women, as the work 
is not heavy. Many 
mothers and daugh- 
ters work side by 
side in the mills of 
Paterson, which is the 
leading silk-manufac- 
turing city in Amer- 
ica. The dyeing and 
finishing of silk are companion industries. New Jersey has 
over nine hundred silk-manufacturing concerns, more than half 
of which are located in Paterson, where nearly thirty thousand 
people depend upon this industry for their living (Fig. 34). 

How wire is made. Wire is a thread of metal, usually of 
steel or copper. It may be round, flat, or irregular in shape. 
The steel is heated until it is very hot and flows like water. 
Then large ladles pour this ''cooked," or liquid, metal into 
molds to form ingots, or blocks of metal. These ingots are 
heated and reduced in rolling mills to a smaller size called 
billets ( Fig. 35). The billets are again heated and reduced in a 
rod mill to wire rods about the thickness of a lead pencil. The 
wire rods are allowed to cool, and then they are drawn or rolled 
"cold" until they are transformed into long threads of wire of 
any desired thickness. The market value of a ton of steel is 
about S60, but when drawn into wire thinner than a human hair 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 57 

its value is increased to about Si 00,000, and its length becomes 
so great that it would reach three times around the world. 

Many common things are made from wire — door handles, 
pins, window screens, nails, baskets, and hundreds of other ar- 
ticles. Wire is also used for fences and for telephone, telegraph, 
and trolley lines. The armies in the World War used great 
quantities of wire for entanglements to protect their trenches. 




Fig. 36. A machine which twists the wires into strands 



In making wire rope a certain number of wires are pulled 
through a rapidly revolving machine which twists them into 
one cord, or ''strand" (Fig. 36). These strands are then pulled 
through a large machine which twists them into rope. Wire 
rope is one of the most important materials used in engineering 
construction. It is used in the mining of coal and metals, in the 
rigging of ships, in the building of high buildings, and for 
elevators and aeroplanes (Fig. 37). 

Wire rope enabled the American navy to lay the North 
Sea mine barrage, which "bottled in" the German submarines. 
No sea mines can be laid without heavy anchors. Over eighty 
million feet of wire rope were used to attach the anchors to 
the mines in this barrage. New Jersey produced about one 
third of the wire used in this great naval feat. Thousands of 
tons of wire shipped to all parts of the world are produced 
each year at Trenton and Roebling. 

J 



58 



GEOGRAPHY 




Fig. 37. A piece of wire rope showing how the 
strands are twisted 



The manufacture of steel pens. Camden has the oldest and 
largest steel-pen manufacturing concern in the United States. 
More pens are produced here than in all the other factories 
of the country combined. The school children of the United 
States use many millions of pens each year. 

The manufacturing of steel pens is a rather complicated 
process. Steel is received at the factory in sheets of about 
one fortieth of an inch in thickness. These sheets are cut 
into strips, heated, and dipped in acid to remove the scales. 

A rolling mill re- 
duces these strips 
to the thickness re- 
quired for the mak- 
ing of pens. The 
rolls are kept under 
a stream of cold 
water, so that the 
steel is absolutely 
cold as it is rolled. 
Machines cut out the blanks, or flat pens, and other machines 
pierce the holes in the center near the point and cut the side 
cracks (Fig. 38). Marking machines stamp the name and 
numbers on them. A raising process shapes the pens from 
the flat blanks into the rounded pens. They are then heated 
and plunged into oil, which is a part of the oil-tempering 
process. The dirt and scales are then cleaned off with lime and 
acid. The points are all ground by hand. 

Great skill is required in the slitting room, where the points 
are slit. If the pen is slit slightly to one side it is of no value 
whatever. The polishing cylinders remove from the pens all 
roughness caused by passing through the machinery. Pens 
are finished either in bronze, blue, gray, or black, as may be 
required. They are finally plunged into a solution of lacquer 
and then rapidly revolved in wire baskets under heat, which 
causes the lacquer to harden and gives the pens a high finish. 
At last the pens are ready for the examining, or inspection, 
room, where each one is examined that no defective pens may 




Fig. 38. These women are at work cutting steel pens in a factory in Camden 




Fig. 39. In this room the mechanical parts of the phonographs are finally 
adjusted to make the complete machine 



6o GEOGRAPHY 

leave the factory. They are then sent to the boxing room, 
where they are weighed, packed in boxes, and labeled. These 
New-Jersey-made pens are shipped to all countries, even to 
far-distant lands such as Finland and Japan. 

The phonograph. The phonograph, which records and re- 
produces the tones of musical instruments and of the human 
voice, is a New Jersey invention which has brought pleasure to 
millions of people all over the globe. To every continent and to 
every climate the phonograph has taken its message of song and 
cheer. Large factories for the manufacture of phonographs 
and records have sprung up in New Jersey. One factory lo- 
cated at Camden consists of twenty-two fireproof buildings and 
has a floor space of one million eight hundred thousand square 
feet. Ten thousand people are employed here in producing 
talking machines (Fig. 39). The yearly output is so great that 
if the machines were piled one on top of another they would 
reach one hundred and fifty miles in height. If the records 
manufactured in one year were placed edge on edge they would 
reach twenty-one thousand miles, more than seven times the 
distance from New York to San Francisco. 

TRANSPORTATION 

Navigable waters. Nine tenths of New Jersey is bounded 
by water bodies. With the exception of the boundary between 
New Jersey and New York State it is surrounded by water, 
the greater portion of which is navigable. The most important 
commercial waterways of New Jersey are the Hudson River, 
New York Bay, and Raritan Bay on the northeast, and Dela- 
ware Bay and the Delaware River on the southwest. The fact 
that the Atlantic coast of New Jersey has no good harbors from 
Sandy Hook to Cape May would be a great disadvantage to the 
state if it were not for the two great river mouths with their 
deep water channels on the northeast and southwest. By 
means of these two waterways the greatest ocean vessels can 
reach the docks and wharves of the largest cities of New Jersey, 
making them commercial seaports of great importance (Fig. 40). 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 6i 

Along the Atlantic coast, inside the line of sand bars, is a safe 
inland waterway which extends from Cold Spring Inlet at 
Cape May to the northern end of Barnegat Bay. This inland 
waterway, which is one hundred and sixteen miles long, is 
being extended from Barnegat Bay northward by canal to the 




Fig. 40. Barges are very generally used for transporting freight for short dis- 
tances in New York Bay and the waters surrounding northeastern New Jersey. 
This barge is loaded with oil barrels at Bayonne 



Manasquan River. When completed it will provide a safe 
navigation route for coastwise vessels of six-foot draft or less. 
Canals. Early in the industrial life of the state, before 
the extensive development of the railroad systems, the need 
for transportation led to the building of the Morris Canal 
across the northern part of the state, between the Delaware 
River and New York Bay, and the Delaware and Raritan Canal 
farther south, connecting the two rivers of the same names. 
These canals were used extensively for the transportation of 
freight until railroads were built and put into general use. 
At the present time the canals are practically abandoned, for 



62 



GEOGRAPHY 



freight can be moved much more quickly over the network of 
railroads that cover the state. 

The proposed inland waterway. The advantages of an inter- 
coastal waterway, in the form of a canal at sea level which 
would connect Raritan Bay with the Delaware River, are now 




Fig. 41. The black-and-white line crossing this map Iruui Raiilaii Bay tu Bor- 
dentown shows the route of the proposed inland waterway across New Jersey 



under consideration. The water route from the Battery, at the 
lower end of New York City, to the wharfs of Philadelphia 
is 274 miles. This route is along a very dangerous strip of 
coast from Sandy Hook to Cape May, where wrecks frequently 
occur. The proposed canal from Raritan Bay to Bordentown 
on the Delaware River would be ^^^ miles long. This would 
reduce the distance by water from New York to Philadelphia 
to 87 miles and would provide a safe waterway which would 
greatly assist in the eastward moving of the many millions of 
tons of freight which cross New Jersey annually (Fig. 41). 

Railroads. Since the building of the first railroad in New 
Jersey — the Camden and Amboy in 183 1 — the increase in 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 63 

railroad mileage has been so rapid that today the state holds 
first place for transportation facilities ( Fig. 42). Because New 
Jersey stands in the pathway of direct communication between 
the West and New York City, all but one of the western 
trunk lines pass through the state to terminals in Jersey City, 




Fig. 42. Great quantities of coal for New Jersey industries are brought by 
rail from Pennsylvania 



Hoboken, and Weehawken. The Pennsylvania Railroad alone 
enters New York City through a tunnel under the Hudson 
River. This tunnel, which extends from Harrison to the Penn- 
sylvania Station in New York City, is over six miles long. It is 
a great convenience to the traveling public, for it saves time 
and brings the people of New Jersey and adjoining states in 
direct touch with the heart of New York City (Fig. 43 ). 

There are seven main railroad trunk lines crossing New Jersey. 
These are the Pennsylvania Railroad, from Jersey City to Tren- 
ton ; the Central Railroad of New Jersey, from Jersey City 
to Phillipsburg ; the Erie Railroad, from Jersey City to the 



64 GEOGRAPHY 

New York State line at Suffern ; the Delaware, Lackawanna, 
and Western Railroad, from Hoboken to Phillipsburg ; the 
New York, Susquehanna, and Western Railroad, from Jersey 
City to the Delaware near Dunnfield ; the Lehigh Valley 
Railroad, from Jersey City to Phillipsburg; and the New 
York Central Railroad, from Weehawken to Tappan. 




Fig. 43. The entrance to the Pennsylvania Tunnel on the New Jersey side 

About forty local, or branch, railroads form such a wonder- 
ful network of lines across New Jersey that no place is more 
than seven miles distant from some railroad. This is of special 
importance to the farmers of New Jersey, for it enables them 
to get their farm products to the great city markets easily and 
with very little delay. 

Electric railways. Covering the state of New Jersey, and 
with centers in every city, is an extensive electric-railway sys- 
tem. This not only provides a convenient means of travel but 
plays an important part in rural development by bringing large 
farming areas within easy reach of the centers of population 
and distribution. 



NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 65 

The Hudson and Manhattan tunnels connect the principal 
railroad terminals at Jersey City and Hoboken with New York 
City. These provide convenient and rapid means of transporta- 
tion between New Jersey and upper orlower New York ( Fig. 44). 

State highways. New Jersey was the first state in the 
Union to take up the question of extending state aid to counties 




Fig. 44. An electric train at the Manhattan Transfer Station. From this sta- 
tion passengers may reach New York City by tunnel under the Hudson River 

for the purpose of improving their roads. This financial as- 
sistance has hastened the building of good roads, and today 
New Jersey has more than fifteen thousand miles of hard- 
surfaced highways, or four fifths of a mile of road for each 
square mile of area. This is nine times as much as the average 
length of hard-surfaced highway per square mile of area for 
the United States as a whole (Fig. 45). 

Two of New Jersey's famous state highways are the State 
Ocean Highway, from Atlantic Highlands to Cape May, and 
the Delaware River Drive. At present the state is working 



66 



GEOGRAPHY 



on a state-highway system of fifteen routes, totaling six 
hundred and fifty-five miles. The highways which will make 
up this system will be smooth, hard-paved, concrete roads and 
will be eighteen feet wide and from eight to ten inches thick. 
Special attention is being given to the stone foundation and 
the roadbed drainage, both of which will help to insure the 
permanent good surface of the roads throughout the system. 




Fig. 45. One of the smooth, hard-surfaced roads of the New Jersey state- 
highway system 



The rapid development of backward areas follows the open- 
ing of good roads. Citizens in nearly every section of the 
state now enjoy comfort and economy in travel and accessibil- 
ity to markets, shopping centers, churches, and amusements. 
Automobile-omnibus lines and motor trucks have already be- 
come an important means of transportation in the rural districts 
of the state as well as in the cities and towns. Farmers who 
were obliged at one time to haul their products over miles of 
bad roads in horse-drawn wagons can now transport them 
quickly and easily over the smooth, hard roads in motor trucks. 
This improved transportation has made the New Jersey farmers 
much more prosperous. 



POPULATION 67 

RECREATION AND HEALTH RESORTS 

New Jersey has been rightly named the People's Playground. 
The long stretch of level, sandy beach, which borders the 
Coastal Plain, and the wooded mountains, rolling hills, and 
quiet lakes of the northern portion of the state are enjoyed by 
multitudes of people each year. 

The coast of New Jersey from Sandy Hook to Cape May, a 
distance of one hundred and twenty-five miles, is one long sum- 
mer resort. With its pleasant climate, its gently sloping bathing 
beaches, and its many inlets and bays for sailing and yachting, 
this famous coast brings health and pleasure to hosts of visitors. 

Less well known, but equally enjoyable, are the natural 
beauties of the northern counties. Here lakes and rippling trout 
streams are combined with the charm of the woods and moun- 
tains. Many favorite resorts are to be found in this section. 

In the pines of Burlington, Monmouth, and Ocean counties 
are health resorts, attractive in winter as well as summer. 

POPULATION 

In 1920 the population of New Jersey was 3,155,374, or an 
increase of more than 24 per cent over the census of 1910. 
It is the third state in density of population. Rhode Island is 
first and Massachusetts second. Even with this high population 
density, 75 per cent of New Jersey's people live upon 6 per cent 
of its area. The greatest number of people live in the counties 
of the northeast, — Bergen, Hudson, Passaic, Essex, Union, and 
Middlesex. Camden and Trenton are centers of thickly popu- 
lated sections. These two densely populated areas of New 
Jersey center around New York and Philadelphia and show 
that the occupations of the great mass of people are closely 
linked with the industrial life of these great cities (Fig. 46). 

New Jersey has nineteen cities with a population greater than 
25,000. The population of five of these cities — Newark, 
Jersey City, Paterson, Trenton, and Camden — ranges from 
over 115,000 to over 400,000. 



68 GEOGRAPHY 

COUNTIES 

There are twenty-one counties in New Jersey, and every 
county has either a harbor, a coast hne, a river, or a canal 
running into or about its territory. Bordering on the Hud- 
son River and New York Bay are Bergen and Hudson coun- 
ties; on Newark Bay and Arthur Kill are Essex and Union 
counties ; on Raritan Bay are Middlesex and Monmouth coun- 
ties; on the Atlantic Ocean are Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, 
and Cape May counties; and on the Delaware River and 
Delaware Bay are Cumberland, Salem, Gloucester, Camden, 
Burlington, Mercer, Hunterdon, Warren, and Sussex counties. 
Joining New York State on the north are Sussex, Passaic, and 
Bergen counties. Only the counties of Somerset and Morris 
are not border counties. 

CITIES 

The commercial, manufacturing, and residential cities and 
the summer resorts may be studied in four groups centering 
around the ]\Ietropolitan District of New York, the Metropol- 
itan District of Philadelphia, the thickly settled area surround- 
ing Trenton, and the pleasure resorts along the Atlantic Ocean. 

NEW YORK METROPOLITAN DISTRICT 

More than three fourths cf the people of the state live in a 
comparatively small area near New York City, in the counties 
of Hudson, Essex, Bergen, Passaic, Union, and Middlesex 
(Fig. 47). Here there are eight large manufacturing cities, — 
Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth, Hoboken, Bayonne, 
Perth Amboy, and Harrison. This section is so thickly settled 
that the cities merge into one another and seem like one con- 
tinuous city. In the beautiful residential cities and towns of 
this area live thousands of business men who travel each day 
by railroad or trolley car to their work in the cities. The center 
of this densely populated area is Newark, the largest city in 
New Jersey. Situated on the Passaic River and Newark Bay, 



DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE 
IN 

NEW JERSEY 



DENSITY OF POPULATION 
BY COUNTIES 

|ii!;'|:| Under 50 persons 
LuIlLI per sq. mile 

□ 50 to 100 persons 
per sq. mile 

□ 100 to 500 persons 
per sq. mile 



500 to 1000 persons 
per sq. mile 



1 1000 to 50C0 persons 
I per sq. mile 

I Over 5000 persons 
per sq. mile 



^\.^\■^^" 




•/' 



\ ' /J ^ 

.A T L A N T I ( ^ 




Fig. 46. List the counties cf New Jersey in groups by population density. 
Give reasons for the density of each group 




Fig. 47. The New York Metropolitan District of New Jersey 



CITIES 



71 



it has a water frontage of eleven miles with good docking facil- 
ities. A channel three hundred and fifty feet wide and twenty 
feet deep which has recently been dredged extends from the 
city to the waters of Kill van Kull and New York Bay. This 
great work will, in the near future, make Newark one of the 
most important seaports and commercial centers of the country. 




Fig. 48. The Public Service Terminal at Newark is the only street-railway ter- 
minal of its kind in the world. In addition to its terminal facilities this building 
contains the offices of the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey 



Newark has unexcelled railroad facilities. The nine princi- 
pal railroads of New Jersey have fourteen stations in the city. 
The Hudson tunnels, under the river, connect it directly with 
New York City, while many trolley lines radiate to neighboring 
cities and towns. Newark, ranking first in New Jersey in value 
of manufactured goods, carries on more varied lines of industry 
than any other city in the United States. Its great industrial 
progress has been due to the Morris Canal (which linked up 



72 GEOGRAPHY 

the coal fields of Pennsylvania with the city, in its early days, 
providing the necessary fuel for running its machinery), to the 
numerous railroads, and to water transportation. The chief 
industries are the smelting and refining of copper, the tanning 
and finishing of leather, the manufacture of jewelry, iron, steel 
and brass products, electrical supplies, and shipbuilding. More 
than one hundred plants manufacture belting, bags, saddles, 
harness, coats, and other leather goods. Their yearly product 
is valued at $10,000,000. Thousands of employees in jewelry 
establishments turn out all sorts of ornaments and articles of 
gold, platinum, and silver. The jewelry business alone is 
valued at $8,000,000 annually. Newark silverware is famous 
all over the world (Fig. 48). 

Just across the Passaic River from Newark are the prosper- 
ous cities of Harrison, Kearny, East Newark, and Arlington. 
Harrison has varied industries, which include foundries, 
machine shops, steel mills, electrical shops, and brass works. 
Harrison is only seven miles west of New York City and is 
connected with that city by three railroad trunk lines and a 
deep-water route navigable all the way by large vessels. 
Kearny is noted for shipbuilding, steel casting, glues, oil, and 
wire. It has a frontage on the Passaic River, and vessels draw- 
ing eighteen feet of water find safe accommodation at its 
v/harves. The filling of the Kearny meadows has afforded ex- 
cellent sites for manufacturing plants. East Newark is on the 
east side of the Passaic River, opposite the city of Newark, and 
has an extensive frontage on the river. Its chief industries 
are the manufacture of sewing-thread, shade rollers, and wall 
plaster. 

Surrounding Newark are many thriving suburban towns, 
the homes of business m.en. These towns are connected with 
Newark and the city of New York by railroad and trolley lines. 
They are progressive municipalities which reflect the social and 
industrial progress of the Metropolitan District. Attractive 
homes, public-service departments, and exceptional educational 
facilities are the main features of Montclair, Bloomfield, Nut- 
ley, Orange, East Orange, South Orange, West Orange, Glen 



CITIES 73 

Ridge, Belleville, Irvington, Summit, and Caldwell. The de- 
mand for residential sites in this section naturally limits manu- 
facturing to certain localities. Montclair, the home of one 
of the state normal schools, is located in the foothills of the 
Orange Mountains. It is noted for its beautiful scenery and 




Fig. 49. A large plant for the manufacture of terra cotta at Perth Amboy 



homes. East of Montclair is Nutlcy, widely known as a fash- 
ionable residential suburb. Glen Ridge is another well-known 
residential community. Bloomfield, noted for its fine dwellings, 
has numerous industries, producing ordnance fuses, electric 
lamps, cream separators, woolen goods, and chemicals. Orange, 
a growing industrial city, has the largest radium-manufacturing 
plant in the world. Hats, felt, lawn mowers, and calculating 
machines are among its manufactures.- East Orange is best 
known as a residential city, although a number of indus- 
tries produce electric motors and generators, machinery, and 
hats. West Orange, a fine residential town and the home of 
Thomas A. Edison, has factories for making moving-picture 



74 



GEOGRAPHY 



machines, phonographs and records, films, storage batteries, 
and hats. South Orange, Summit, and Caldwell are attractive 
residential places. Irvington, noted as a residential city, has 
now become a manufacturing center of no little importance, 
producing machinery, time fuses, toys, tools, and castings. 

Many thriving man- 
ufacturing centers are 
connected with Newark 
by trolley. Elizabeth, 
one of the oldest cities in 
New Jersey, has many 
attractions as a residen- 
tial and an industrial 
city. Because of its deep- 
water connections with 
New York Bay and its 
unsurpassed railroad fa- 
cilities it has been called 
the Rail and Harbor 
City. Beautiful shaded 
streets and thousands of 
fine homes make it a 
residential city equaled 
by few in the state. The 
largest single industry in 
the world, a company 
which manufactures sew- 
ing machines, is located in the eastern part of the city, called 
EUzabethport. Other industries are the manufacture of iron 
and steel products and electrical appliances, printing, tanning, 
and shipbuilding. 

Rahway, southwest of Elizabeth, is a growing city. Its chief 
industries are printing and bookbinding and the making of 
chemicals, music boxes, clothing, and cereals. West .of Eliza- 
beth are the thriving towns of Roselle, Roselle Park, Cranjord, 
Westfield, and Garwood, all of which are residential places and 
growing industrial centers. 




Fig. 50. This man has in his hands a block of 
clay which is ready to be pressed and molded 



CITIES 75 

The rapid industrial growth of Perth Amboy is due to its 
location on the Raritan River, Raritan Bay, and Arthur Kill, 
as well as to its railroad facilities. Freight may be shipped 
by land or water to any part of the world from here. Valuable 
clay deposits have led to the establishment of large manu- 
facturing plants, whose products of terra cotta, earthenware, 
brick, and fireproof tile are very valuable (Figs. 49, 50). 
Other industries are the smelting and refining of copper and 
lead and the manufacture of chemicals, cigars, and insulated 
wire and cables. Near Perth Amboy are populous towns with 
similar industries. South Amboy is noted for the shipping of 
clay ; Woodbridge for its output of fire brick ; Sayreville and 
South River for the manufacture of building brick. Similar 
industries are found in Metuchen, Carteret, and Chrome. 

Between New York Bay and Newark Bay lies a long, narrow 
peninsula separated by the Kill van Kull from Staten Island. 
On the peninsula are many cities of industrial and commercial 
importance. This is the most densely populated section of 
New Jersey. Here are the great cities where the nation's com- 
mercial routes meet those of the whole world. The water 
front of this peninsula forms a part of the port of New 
York and is lined with wharves where ships from all over the 
world unload and receive their cargoes of goods. 

On this peninsula, opposite the lower end of Manhattan 
Island, is Jersey City, the second city of New Jersey in size, 
population, and value of manufactured goods. Its great com- 
mercial growth has been due to its location on New York Bay 
and the Hudson River, separated from the city of New York 
only by the Hudson River, which is traversed day and night 
by powerful steam ferryboats. It is closely connected with 
New York by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tunnels, 
which bring the people into close contact with the metropolitan 
social and business life. £leven railroads have terminals at 
the water front and bring American products directly to the 
ships which take them to all seaports of the world. The chief 
industries of Jersey City are sugar refining (Fig. 51) and the 
manufacture of cigars, tobacco, soaps, perfume, iron, steel and 



76 



GEOGRAPHY 



brass products, chemicals, electrical supplies, lead pencils, and 
printer's type. The value of these manufactures is very high. 
Adjoining Jersey City on the north is Hoboken, the most 
densely populated city in the state. This city is connected 
with New York by the Hudson River tunnels and by ferries. 
It has excellent trolley service to all surrounding municipal- 
ities. It is the chief steamship terminal on the Jersey side of 




© American Sugar Refining Co. 

Fig. Si. Sugar on moving drying pans in a Jersey City sugar refinery 

New York Harbor, and some of the largest ships engaged in 
transatlantic commerce dock at the Hoboken piers. Many 
people are employed in shipbuilding and repairing and in mak- 
ing nautical and surveying instruments, silk goods, marine 
engines and boilers, lead pencils, and penholders. 

On the Hudson River, north of Hoboken, is West Hoboken, 
a beautiful city with rapidly growing manufactures of embroid- 
ery, silk goods, and clothing. 

North of West Hoboken are a number of populous and 
thriving communities which lead the state in producing em- 
broidery work ; these are Wechawkcn, Union, West New York, 



CITIES 77 

North Bergen, Guttenberg, and Sccaucus. These communities 
are all similarly situated and are engaged in making embroid- 
ery and silk goods. 

Bayonne, the greatest oil-refining center in the world, joins 
Jersey City on the south. It has frontage on New York Bay, 
Kill van Kull, and Newark Bay for ocean-going ships and has 
excellent rail transportation. Oil is brought by pipe lines direct 
from the oil fields of the West to refineries on the water front, 
from which the refined products are sent to all parts of the 
world. Other important industries are the manufacture of 
boilers and castings, motor boats and generators, nickel and 
copper utensils, and insulated wire and cable. 

In the northern part of the peninsula, along the ridges of the 
Palisades, are many attractive residential towns. Among them 
are Englewood, Fort Lee, Edgewater, Rldgefield Park, Fair- 
view, Teriafly, and Clifside. Excellent transit facilities make 
these places practically suburbs of New York City. 

Paterson, the greatest silk-manufacturing city in the United 
States, is located at the falls of the Passaic River, Its in- 
dustrial growth is due entirely to the remarkable natural ad- 
vantages of its location. The power of the falls of the Passaic 
has been converted into electricity for use in factories and mills. 
In the early days of its growth Paterson received coal for its in- 
dustries by way of the Morris Canal ; today coal is brought 
to the city by the railroads. Paterson is near New York Har- 
bor and only sixteen miles from New York City. More than 
four hundred silk mills and dye houses employ an army of 
thirty thousand workers. Besides leading the country in the 
manufacture of silk, Paterson has large machine shops, 
foundries, steel mills, locomotive works, and many other 
manufacturing plants. 

Between Paterson and Newark, on the Passaic River, is the 
attractive city of Passaic. It is thirteen miles from New York 
and is a residential as well as an industrial city. There is rapid 
trolley service to all cities and towns in the middle counties of 
the state and excellent railroad facilities for passengers and 
freight, Passaic leads in the woolen-textile industry in the 



78 



GEOGRAPHY 



state, besides manufacturing rubber goods, handkerchiefs, silk 
goods, clothing, and automobile-tire fabrics. 

Situated near Passaic is the prosperous residential town of 
Hackensack, the county seat of Bergen County (Fig. 52). 
Clifton has considerable water-power and is a growing manu- 
facturing town. Lodi has extensive dye industries. Garfield 




•^%^ 
^^?!'^$^^ 




Fig. 52. The drying yard of a brick-manufacturing plant at Hackensack 

manufactures 'woolen and cotton goods. Rutherford, West- 
wood, Hasbrouck Heights, and Ridgewood are especially 
attractive residential towns within a short commuting distance 
of New York City. 



PHILADELPHIA METROPOLITAN DISTRICT 

Across the Delaware River from Philadelphia, and sharing 
in the commercial and industrial prosperity of that great city, 
is another densely populated section of New Jersey, known 
as the Philadelphia Metropolitan District (Fig. 53). In this 
district are many important industrial centers. 



CITIES 



79 



Camden, the largest city in southern New Jersey, is located 
directly opposite Philadelphia on the east bank of the Dela- 
ware River. It was founded in 1680 and was first known as 
Cooper's Ferry. Camden has long been the meeting point of all 
the railroads, trolleys, and highways that traverse the southern 
portion of the state. A proposed bridge across the Delaware 




Fig. 53. The Philadelphia Metropolitan District 



will bring the city more rapid means of communication with 
Philadelphia and the South than can now be maintained by 
the several ferries. Cooper Creek divides the city into East 
and West Camden. This river is navigable along its entire 
course through the city, enabling vessels to carry freight to 
and from the many manufacturing plants which line its sides. 
By reason of its location along the Delaware River and 
Cooper Creek, Camden has become one of the largest and 
most important shipbuilding centers in the world. Four great 
lines of railroads enter the city, which, with the deep-water 



8o GEOGRAPHY 

transportation, enable shippers to transport goods easily to all 
parts of the world and to receive in return the needed imports. 

Great quantities of linseed oil and cork cuttings collected in 
various parts of the world are used at Camden in the manu- 
facture of linoleum and oilcloth. Wood flour (sawdust), 
powdered cork, and oxidized linseed oil are mixed together and 
pressed on burlap to make the linoleum. With its " fabricated" 
ships, built in its own shipyards, Camden can send victrolas, 
writing pens, linoleum, machinery, textiles, soups, paints, chem- 
icals, and candy to any domestic or foreign port. 

A large soup factory in Camden has promoted the growth of 
tomatoes and other vegetables on the neighboring farms. Long 
lines of trucks bring these vegetables to the canning factory. 

Not far from Camden are the residential towns of Collings- 
wood, Haddonfield, Merchantville, Moorestown, Rivcrton, and 
Palmyra. Mt. Holly is rich in agricultural products. Pember- 
ton is near the large cranberry bogs. Browns Mills, near 
Camp Dix, is a famous winter resort. Northeast of Camden 
are Riverside, which manufactures watch cases and sheet metal, 
and Beverly, which manufactures underwear and rope. Bur- 
lington has a fine frontage on the Delaware River ; its chief 
products are shoes and iron pipe. Florence manufactures 
thread, iron pipe, and fire hydrants, and Roebling produces 
wire rope. 

Bordentown, at the entrance of the Delaware and Raritan 
Canal, is noted for its clay products, iron forgings, and canned 
vegetables. 

Gloucester City, south of Camden, has large shipyards and 
cotton and carpet mills. Here corrugated-fiber shipping boxes 
and the famous Welsbach gas mantles for gas lamps are manu- 
factured. Woodbury is a prosperous residential town and the 
center of a fine agricultural section. Glassboro's main industry 
is glass manufacturing. Swedcsboro is one of the greatest veg- 
etable shipping points in the East. Clayton is surrounded by 
rich farms, and Paulsboro, in an agricultural section, is noted 
for chemicals. Salem, on the Delaware River, a historic town 
settled by the Quakers, manufactures glass bottles and jars 



CITIES 8i 

and cans fruits and vegetables. Penns Grove is located near 
a great dye and powder plant. An excellent grade of quartz 
sand is found near Bridgeton and Millville, which have large 
glass-plants. 

On immense tracts of land near Woodstown and Bridgeton 
an overhead system of irrigation has been constructed. This 
had led to intensive cultivation of berries, lettuce, onions, and 
other vegetables. 

Vineland bottles grape juice. A well-known training school 
for teachers of defective children is located here. Hanimonton 
manufactures boots and shoes ; Egg Harbor City, cut glass and 
clothing. Cape May Court House has access to the ocean by 
means of a canal and does a large business in cultivating and 
marketing the famous Cape May salt oyster. The De Hirsch 
Agricultural School for Jewish Boys is located at Woodbine. 
Children's clothing is manufactured here. 

SEASIDE AND HEALTH RESORTS 

Many popular pleasure and health resorts are located along 
the Atlantic coast of New Jersey. The gently sloping sandy 
beach offers an excellent bathing ground for visitors, while 
motor boats carry pleasure seekers into the many bays and 
inlets that indent the coast. 

Cape May, at the extreme southern end of the state, is an 
old popular resort, and its near neighbor Wildwood has a fine 
beach. Ocean City is the home of a state summer school for 
teachers. 

Atlantic City is one of the most famous seaside resorts in the 
world. Thousands of people from all parts of the United States 
visit this place annually. It is a favorite meeting place for con- 
ventions. Over a thousand hotels take care of the immense 
floating population of more than a quarter of a million. Lo- 
cated on a sand bar and surrounded on every side by water, the 
continued ocean breezes are safeguards against great extremes 
of heat or cold and make the city popular in winter as well 
as in summer (Fig. 54). 



82 



GEOGRAPHY 



Pleasantville is a growing city near Atlantic City. One of 
the world's largest wireless stations is located near Tuckerton. 
Barncgat and Toms River are frequented by those who enjoy 
boating and fishing, while Point Pleasant, Manasquan, Seagirt, 
and Belmar form an almost unbroken series of resorts. Sea- 
girt is the drill ground for the New jersey National Guard. 




Fig. 54. The beach at Atlantic City 



Ocean Grove, founded many years ago as a camp-meeting 
ground, and Asbury Park are patronized during the summer 
months by thousands of, visitors who enjoy the smooth beaches, 
the beautiful drives, and the stimulating ocean breezes. Allen- 
hiirst and Bradley Beach have fine summer homes. Long 
Branch is the oldest resort in the state. Red Bank ranks high 
among the coast resorts on account of its great scenic beauty. 
Atlantic Highlands has the highest elevation on the Atlantic 
coast between Maine and Florida. 



CITIES 83 

TRENTON AREA 

Trenton, the capital city of New Jersey, is located on the 
Delaware River, at the head of navigation. It is thirty-three 
miles from Philadelphia and fifty-nine miles from New York. 
An extensive water front has been acquired by the city, which 
is now erecting docks. 

Trenton is the first of the fall-line cities, and a great amount 
of power for manufacturing is derived from the falls of the 
Delaware. This city is famed in the history of the Revolution- 
ary War. Here the greatest blow for freedom was struck by 
General Washington at the battle of Trenton. An imposing 
monument commemorates this great victory. 

The transportation facilities of Trenton are of the best. 
There are two great railroad trunk lines with numerous branch 
lines, the navigable water routes of the Delaware River and the 
Delaware and Raritan Canal, and numerous trolley lines, ex- 
tending to Philadelphia, northern New Jersey, and New York. 
One of its most beautiful features is a magnificent park extend- 
ing from the main thoroughfare to the rapids of the Delaware, 
including the Capitol building and the recently restored ''Bar- 
racks," which were erected long before the Revolutionary War 

(Fig. 55)- ^ 

Trenton is a manufacturing city of first rank, with a high 
standing in several lines of industry. It has the largest wire- 
drawing establishment in the world. The entire town of 
Roebling, south of Trenton, with its factories, homes, churches, 
and public halls, is owned by this company. Here were made 
the cables for the Brooklyn Bridge, which crosses the East 
River. Here, too, were made millions of feet of wire so neces- 
sary for the success of the World War. 

In the manufacture of pottery Trenton ranks second in 
this country, but first in the manufacture of sanitary ware. 
In addition to the sanitary ware forty-seven potteries turn out 
all kinds of products, from the commonest crockery to the finest 
decorated china. 



84 



GEOGRAPHY 



Trenton also ranks second in the manufacture of rubber 
goods. The milky sap of the rubber tree, when properly mixed 
with sulphur and heated, forms the rubber used for automobile 
tires, inner tubes, raincoats, rubber tubing, belting, and over- 
shoes. Thousands of pounds of crude rubber are imported 
from the tropical forests of Africa and Brazil and used in the 




Fig. 55. The New Jersey state Capitol at Trenton 



Trenton industries. Twenty-four rubber mills produce rubber 
goods to the value of $30,000,000 each year. Ironworks, 
machine shops, foundries, electrical-supply factories, woolen 
mills, and machinery are a few of the two hundred industrial 
establishments of this city. 

Northeast of Trenton is Princeton, famed in history for the 
battle of Princeton. It is the home of Princeton University 
and the Princeton Theological Seminary (Fig. 56). A thriving, 
progressive town is Lambcrtvillc, located on the Delaware 
River, from which it has unlimited water-power. Its principal 



CITIES 



85 



products are trap rock, rubber goods, and canned goods. Hope- 
well and Pennington^ in the center of a very fertile agricultural 
section, produce quantities of fruits and vegetables. 

Lawrenccvillc is the home of the Lawrence Preparatory 
School. Flemington and High Bridge, in Hunterdon County, 
are important trade centers with growing industries. Phillips- 
burg, on the east "side of the Delaware River, opposite the 




Fig. 56. Nassau Hall, the oldest building of Princeton University 



mouth of the Lehigh River, has unusual transportation facil- 
ities. Five railroads meet here, and it is the western terminal 
of the Morris Canal. It is near the mines of Warren and 
Morris counties and the famous Portland-cement mills. Air 
compressors and rock drills, silks, horseshoes and calks, iron 
pipe and castings are its chief products. Belvidere is a progres- 
sive modern town near a great source of water-power. Hack- 
ettstown is the home of the Centenary Collegiate Institute, and 
Blairstown, a select but progressive community, is the home 
of Blair's Academy. Washington, in Warren County, produces 
pianos, talking machines, and silks ; Oxford is noted for iron 



86 GEOGRAPHY 

and steel ; Newton manufactures shoes and silk goods ; Frank- 
lin and Ogdensburg are noted for the production of zinc ore 
and limestone. Jamesburg has the State Home for Boys, and 
Hightstown is the home of Peddie Institute. Keyport, on the 
Raritan Bay, has excellent transportation by water, rail, and 
trolley and is noted for oysters, aeroplane motors, and tile. 
Freehold, the county seat of Monmouth County, is surrounded 
by a fine farming country. Near this town the famous battle 
of Monmouth Court House was fought. 

New Brunswick is located on the main line of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad and the Raritan River Railroad. The Raritan 
River furnishes means for water transportation to New York 
and all cities on the Atlantic coast. The Delaware and Raritan 
Canal furnishes water transportation to Trenton, Camden, 
Philadelphia, and other places on the Delaware River. The 
proposed sea-level canal will greatly increase the importance 
of this city. Rutgers College, which includes the State Agri- 
cultural College, is located here. New Brunswick's chief in- 
dustries are the making of hard-rubber goods, surgical supplies, 
piston rings, and aviation engines. 

In the foothills of the beautiful Watchung Mountains are a 
number of growing cities with attractive homes, well-paved 
and shaded avenues, and public parks. Trunk-line railroads, 
electric lines, and excellent state roads provide facilities for 
traveling to all places in central or northern New Jersey. 

Plainfield is a beautiful residential city with a number of 
prosperous industries making auto trucks, machine tools, and 
printing presses. North Plainfield is a residential suburb. 
During the years of the Revolutionary War General Washing- 
ton had his headquarters at Morristown, another beautiful 
residential city which possesses great social, educational, and 
municipal advantages. Madison is a town of select homes. 
Boonton and Dover, situated in picturesque parts of Morris 
County, are residential towns with growing industries of boiler- 
making, foundries, silk hosiery, and silk goods. Somcrville is 
a prosperous and attractive town with excellent rail and trolley 
service to New York. Botmdbrook, the converging point of 



CITIES 87 

four trunk-line railroads, and the Delaware and Raritan Canal, 
is an active industrial center. Finderne is almost exclusively 
a place of fine residences, while Raritan is an industrial center 
with the manufacture of woolen goods and textile machinery 
as its chief industries. 

PROBLEMS AND PROJECTS 

1. How has transportation affected the distribution of population? 

2. Explain the density of population in Hudson, Essex, Union, 
and Camden counties. 

3. If you were going into truck-farming where should you buy 
your farm? Why? 

4. If you were going into dairying where should you buy 
your farm? Why? Consider soil, climate, transportation facilities, 
markets. 

5. Explain the location of oil refineries at Bayonne. 

6. Explain the location of silk mills and dye shops at Paterson. 

7. W'hy has Atlantic City grown to be a winter as well as a 
summer resort ? 

8. Why is New Jersey a good state in which to live? 

9. Are pound fisheries a good thing for the state ? 

10. If you wished a friend in Kansas to move to your state 
what would be some of your arguments ? 

11. When a man is considering moving to a city or town what are 
some of the things he will wish to find there? List the advantages 
that your town has as a residential town. 

12. What determined the location of the shipbuilding plant at 
Port Newark (on Newark Bay) ? at Camden? 

13. Elimination of the mosquito and its effect upon New Jersey. 

14. What is meant by meadow reclamation, and what will be some 
of its advantages to Newark, Jersey City, Hoboken, Bayonne, and 
other towns in that section ? 

15. The Passaic River — its importance — its value in the develop- 
ment of Paterson. 

16. Why are national immigration laws important to the state 
of New Jersey ? 

17. Why is the prosperity of New Jersey so dependent upon the 
means of transportation ? 



88 GEOGRAPHY . 

1 8. How has New Jersey's growth in population been affected by 
Philadelphia and New York City? 

19. Compare the population of New Jersey with that of New 
York City ; Texas ; the Plateau Section. 

20. In what ways have the Hudson and Delaware rivers helped in 
the growth of New Jersey? (Location of railroad terminals, ship- 
ping terminals, etc.) 

21. Why do so many people in the United States come to New 
Jersey for recreation ? 

22. Account for the growth of the two most important towns or 
cities in your own county. 



INCORPORATED PLACES IN NEW JERSEY HAVING A POPULA- 
TION OF 2000 OR OVER IN 1920 



Alpha 2,140 

Asbury Park 12,400 

Atlantic City 50,707 

Audubon 4,740 

Bayonne 76,754 

Belleville ....... 15,660 

Bergenfield 3,667 

Beverly 2,562 

Bloomfield 22,019 

Bloomingdale 2,193 

Bogota 3,906 

Boonton 5,372 

Bordentown 4,37i 

Boundbrook 5, 906 

Bradley Beach 2,307 

Bridgeton 14,323 

Burlington 9.049 

Butler 2,886 

Caldwell 3,993 

Camden 116,309 

Cape May City .'.... 2,999 

Carlstadt 4,472 

Chatham ....... 2,421 

Cliff side Park 5,709 

Clifton 26,470 

Collingswood 8,714 



Dover 9,803 

Dumont . 2,537 

Dunellen 3,394 

East Newark 3,057 

East Orange 50,710 

East Paterson 2,441 

East Rutherford .... 5,463 

Edgewater 3,530 

Egg Harbor City .... 2,622 

Elizabeth 95,783 

Englewood 11,627 

Fairview 4,882 

Flemington 2,590 

Fort Lee 5, 761 

Franklin 4,075 

Freehold 4,768 

Garfield 19-381 

Glen Ridge 4,620 

Glen Rock 2,181 

Gloucester 12,162 

Guttenberg ....... 6,726 

Hackensack 17,667 

Hackettstown 2,936 

Haddonfield 5)646 



CITIES 



89 



Hadclon Heights .... 2,950 

Haledon 3,435 

Hammonton 6,417 

Harrison 15,721 

Hasbrouck Heights . . . 2,895 

Hawthorne 5,i35 

Highland Park 4,866 

Hightstown 2,674 

Hoboken 68,166 



Irvington . 



25,480 



Jamesburg 2,052 

Jersey City 298,103 

Kearny 26,724 

Lambertville 4,660 

Leonia 2,979 

Little Ferry 2,715 

Lodi 8,175 

Long Branch 13.521 

Madison 5,523 

Merchantville 2,749 

Metuchen 3,334 

Midland Park 2,243 

Milltown 2,573 

Millville 14,691 

Montclair 28,810 

Morristown 12,548 



Paulsboro 4,352 

Penns Grove 6,060 

Perth Amboy 41,707 

PhiUipsburg 16,923 

Pitman 3,385 

Plainfield 27,700 

Pleasantville 5,887 

Pompton Lakes .... 2,008 

Princeton 5,917 

Prospect Park 4,292 

Rahway 11,042 

Ramsey 2,090 

Raritan 4,457 

Red Bank 9,251 

Ridgefield Park 8,575 

Ridgewood 7,580 

Riverton 2,341 

Rockaway 2,655 

Roosevelt 11,047 

Roselle 5,737 

Roselle Park 5,438 

Rutherford 9,497 

Salem 7,435 

Secaucus 5,423 

Somerville 6,718 

South Amboy 7,897 

South Orange 7,274 

South River 6,596 

Summit 10,174 



Newark 



414,524 Tenafly 5,650 



New Brunswick .... 32,779 

Newton 4,125 

North Plainfield .... 6,916 

Nutley 9,421 

Ocean City 2,512 



Trenton 119,289 

Union 20,651 

Ventnor 2,193 

Verona 3,039 



Orange 33,268 Vineland 6,799 



Palisades Park 2,633 

Passaic 63,841 

Paterson 135,875 

J 



Wallington 5,715 

Wanaque 2,916 

Washington 3,341 



90 



GEOGRAPHY 



Westfield 9,063 Westwood 

West Hoboken 40,074 Wharton . 

West New York .... 29,926 Wildwood 

West Orange iS,573 Woodbury 

Westville 2,380 Wrightstown 



2,597 
2,877 
2,790 
5,801 
5,288 



STATISTICS OF NEW JERSEY COUNTIES 







Area 




Popula- 


Popula- 


County 


Organized 


vSquare 


County Seat 


tion 


tion 






Miles 




1910 


1920 


Atlantic 


1837 


569 


Mays Landing 


71,894 


83,883 


Bergen . 










1 68 2 


^-1>1 


Hackensack 


138,002 


201,688 


Burlington 










1694 


S15 


Mount Holly 


66,565 


81,770 


Camden . 










1844 


222 


Camden 


142,029 


150,508 


Cape May 










1692 


265 


Cape MayC.H. 


19,745 


19,460 


Cumberlanc 










1748 


500 


Bridgeton 


55,153 


61,348 


Essex . . 










1682 


127 


Newark 


512,886 


651,807 


Gloucester 










1677 


33- 


Woodbury 


37,368 


48,224 


Hudson . 










1840 


43 


Jersey City 


537,231 


629,124 


Hunterdon 










1714 


437 


Flemington 


33,569 


32,885 


Mercer . 










183S 


226 


Trenton 


125,657 


159,881 


Middlesex 










1682 


312 


New Brunswick 


114,426 


162,334 


Monmouth 










1682 


479 


Freehold 


94,734 


104,906 


Morris 










1739 


475 


Morristown 


74,704 


82,294 


Ocean 










1850 


637 


Toms River 


21,318 


22,155 


Passaic . 










1837 


196 


Paterson 


215,902 


259,148 


Salem 










1675 


343 


Salem 


26,999 


36,572 


Somerset 










1688 


305 


Somerville 


38,820 


48,015 


Sussex . 










1753 


529 


Newton 


26,781 


24,905 


Union 










.857 


103 


Elizabeth 


140,197 


199.832 


Warren . 










1824 


362 


Belvidere 


43,187 


45,057 



HISTORY 



THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF NEW JERSEY 

The Lenni-Lenape. When the first white men came to New 
Jersey they found it a land of dense forests, fertile river valleys, 
and dreary marshes inhab- 
ited only by wild animals 
and scattered bands of sav- 
ages. These savages were a 
part of the Lenni-Lenape 
tribe of Indians belonging to 
the great Algonquins, the 
most numerous nation of 
Indians in the East, who oc- 
cupied nearly all the country 
north of Tennessee and 
North Carolina from Hud- 
son Bay to the Rocky 
Mountains. 

The Lenni-Lenape, or 
Delawares, as they were 
also called, were a tall, well- 
formed copper-colored race 
of men with high cheek 
bones and straight black 
hair. The men cut their hair close to the head, except a single 
lock or tuft in the middle^ called a scalp lock. 

They were scantily dressed in skins of wild animals, and 
their bodies were often painted or stained in fanciful designs. 
An Indian rarely expressed his feelings ; he painted them upon 
his face. You could tell by the color of his painted face whether 
he came in joy or sorrow, in peace or war. 

91 




Fig. 57. Jack Hanny of the Delaware 

tribe. A descendant of the Lenni-Lenape 

of New Jersey 



92 HISTORY 

The Indians lived in temporary villages of wigwams, or huts, 
which were built of stout saplings or young trees bent to form 
a shelter and then covered with bark, bulrushes, grasses, or a 
rough mud plaster. 

The women built the wigwams, prepared the food, and made 
deerskin clothing for the family and utensils and ornaments 
of clay and shells. The men spent their time hunting, fishing, 
and fighting. They made hatchets and arrowheads of flint and 
spears and bows. They also made crude tree-trunk canoes 
by burning out the centers of the trunks with fire and then 
chipping away the burned part with their stone axes. Their 
food consisted of maize, beans, wild turkey, fish, and the flesh 
of wild animals, and they had a great variety of gay and grave 
dances, games, and mystic ceremonies. 

The early white settlers who made friends of the Indians 
were not molested by them ; only those who came bent on war 
were relentlessly treated as enemies. Generally the Indians 
seem to have been friendly to the newcomers, and it was 
usually the white man's treachery that caused the red man to 
retaliate with great cruelty. The Indians taught the friendly 
white settlers how to trap and fish and how to raise corn without 
first clearing the land of trees. This knowledge saved a number 
of the early settlers from starvation. 

The United States has reserved certain tracts of land, 
especially in the West, for the use of the Indians. In these 
reservations you will find all the tribes now left in America. 
The last of the New Jersey Indians left the state in 1802 for 
Oneida Lake, later moving to Green Bay, Michigan, and finally 
to what was then known as Indian Territory. 

EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 

Hudson's explorations. In the autumn of 1620 Henry Hud- 
son, in command of the Halj Moon, was sent by the Dutch East 
India Company to find a northwest passage to India. He failed 
to find this passage, but he explored New York Bay, the Hud- 
son River, and the coast of New Jersey and claimed the entire 



EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 



93 




Fig. 58. The Half Moon on the Hudson 



territory for Holland. It is reported that the landing place 
of Henry Hudson on the New Jersey shore was Atlantic High- 
lands, the highest point of land on the coast of the state. Here, 
today, twin lighthouses send their rays of light twenty-three 
miles out to sea to welcome incoming ships and guide them into 
New York Bay. ,-^. 

The memory of 
Hudson's visit is 
retained in the 
name of Hudson 
County. 

May's expedition. 
Because of the 
desire for greater 
possessions in the 
New World, the 
Dutch West India 
Company of Hol- 
land also sent an exploring expedition to the Atlantic coast. 
This was under the command of Captain Cornelius May (or, as 
it is sometimes written, Mey) who sailed in 1623. May dis- 
covered the mouth of the Delaware and claimed the southern 
part of our state for Holland. It was for this great explorer 
that Cape May County was nameck Thus it was that the 
Dutch flag carried by Hudson and May was planted on the 
banks of the Hudson and Delaware rivers and the future 
New Jersey proclaimed Dutch territory. 

Commercial rivalry. At this time each European nation was 
striving to secure for its own profit the greater part of the 
world's trade. England, Spain, France, Holland, and Sweden 
were all in this contest. The last two were then much more 
powerful countries than we know them today and were waging 
a bitter commercial duel wherein each was struggling to be 
the greatest trading country on the seas. It is to this struggle 
that New Jersey owes her early settlements, for both Holland 
and Sweden believed that from this new land in America great 
wealth was to be drawn. 



94 HISTORY 

Dutch settlements. Dutch settlements sprang up on the west 
bank of the Hudson. In 1630 the greater part of what is now 
Hudson County was bought from the Indians by Michael 
Pauw of Amsterdam, Holland, who named the district Pavonia. 
Three years later an officer of the Dutch West India Company 
founded a settlement at Paulus Hook. In 1660 the authorities 
of Pavonia granted several settlers permission to cultivate 
land and to make a village in the district, and here was founded 
the town of Bergen. Both Paulus Hook and Bergen are now 
a part of Jersey City. The following year ( 1661 ) a local court 
was established, and Bergen was given a separate municipal 
government, becoming the first chartered settlement within the 
limits of New Jersey. Another settlement was made at Fort 
Nassau, near the city of Camden. These settlements were 
largely of an agricultural nature, and it is to the early Dutch 
farmers that New Jersey is indebted for the beginnings of her 
great agricultural prosperity. 

Swedish settlements. Disregarding the Dutch claims, 
Sweden sent an expedition to the New World which settled in 
New Jersey between what are now the cities of Burlington and 
Salem. Then for several years, between 1638 and 1647, 
Sweden granted charters for numerous trading stations on the 
Delaware River. The home government, however, soon neg- 
lected these colonies over the sea, and Holland, knowing this, 
promptly sent a military expedition which captured them in 
1655. After this Sweden made no further attempt to establish 
a colony in New Jersey. 

English claims. Long before either the Dutch or the Swedes 
had dreamed of establishing trading posts in New Jersey, John 
and Sebastian Cabot had discovered the mainland of North 
America. This was in 1497, and because these men were in 
the employ of the king of England they had claimed the whole 
continent for the English kings according to the custom of 
those days. Because of this England now determined to drive 
out all other nations from the territory between her settlements 
in New England and her southern colonies. In 1664, therefore, 
a fleet suddenly appeared before New Amsterdam (now New 



EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 95 

York) and forced the surrender of New Netherlands, which 
included the present states of New York and New Jersey. This 
ended the attempts of the Dutch to settle colonies in America. 
Having driven out the Swedes, they in turn were driven out 
by the English. 

New Jersey named. Charles II, king of England, gave the 
land which had been taken from Holland to his brother, James, 
Duke of York, who in turn sold what is now New Jersey to 
two of his friends. Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 
In honor of the latter, who as governor of the Isle of Jersey 
had very bravely defended it against Oliver Cromwell's forces 
during the civil war in England, the new colony was named 
New Jersey. The next year Philip Carteret, a relative of Sir 
George Carteret, was sent from England to be governor of the 
province. He reached his new home during the summer of 
1665 with a band of immigrants and founded the settlement 
which he named Elizabethtown in honor of Lady Elizabeth, 
Sir George Carteret's wife. 

East and West Jersey. The new proprietors were disappointed 
in their colonizing plans, and in 1674 Berkeley sold his interest 
to two English Quakers, from whom, two years later, William 
Penn secured the title to the section of land near Pennsylvania 
bordering on the Delaware River. At this time the territory 
of New Jersey was divided into East and West Jersey, the 
latter being Penn's colony. The line dividing East and West 
Jersey ran north from Little Egg Harbor on the seacoast to a 
point on the Delaware River near the northern corner of the 
state — latitude 41° 40'. When Carteret died (1682) Penn 
purchased East Jersey also. 

Government of the colony. The privileges granted to the 
colony by the proprietors were embodied in a document known 
as the Concessions, and it was by this instrument that the 
people were governed. It provided for a legislative assembly 
consisting of the governor and twenty-four members. The 
governor was appointed by the proprietors, who also nom- 
inated twelve of the assembly members. The remaining twelve 
were chosen by the colonists. Annual elections were held. 



96 HISTORY 

where those who possessed two hundred acres of land or had 
other property valued at a minimum of £50 had the right to 
vote. The government was very liberal in form and guaranteed 
to the colonists freedom of worship, the right to make their 
own laws (which should be approved by the proprietors), and 
to levy their own taxes. This method of governing New Jersey 

continued down to 
the time of the Rev- 
olution, so from the 
beginning this state 
represented a pure 
democracy. Of the 
first nine governors 
six were also gover- 
nors of New York. 
Settlements increased 
rapidly, and between 
1676 and 1690 the 
new towns of Salem, 
"-' ■"'"'' - — - "^ Burlington, Newton, 

Fig. 59. The oldest house in Burlington Trenton, and Cape 

May were fully estab- 
lished. In Salem County there are at the present time towns 
and townships that bear the name of Penn. 

A royal colony. The last years of the seventeenth century 
were marked by a period of great confusion in New Jersey. 
New York, the Quakers, and the heirs of Carteret all claimed 
the province. Finally, because of their inability to settle the 
question and bring peace to the colony, the proprietors sur- 
rendered their rights to the crown in 1702, and New Jersey 
became a royal colony until the outbreak of the Revolution. 

Nationalities of settlers. New Jersey settlers came from many 
lands and were of many religious beliefs, for there were no 
religious persecutions in this colony. The earliest to come 
were the Dutch, who settled mostly on the farming lands in 
the northern part of the state. They shared their lands with 
the New England Puritans, who first arrived about 1664 




EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 



97 



and purchased from the Indians a section of land bordering 
Newark Bay. They were soon followed by more colonists from 
Connecticut and Long Island. Later Philip Carteret sent agents 
into New England whose favorable reports led to the settle- 
ment by the Puritans of Piscataway, Woodbridge, and Newark. 

From Scotland came the 
Covenanters, who settled 
along the coast. When 
France sent into exile those 
of her people who were Prot- 
estants in religion, they also 
came in large numbers to New 
Jersey, and in both East and 
West Jersey the French 
Huguenots became valu- 
able citizens. These, with 
emigrants from Sweden and 
Denmark and the Friends, 
or Quakers^ from England 
and from the neighboring 
colonies were the founders 
of a state whose men and 
women have always stood 
for loyalty, bravery, and 

honesty. New Jersey, with the help of her original thirteen 
counties, was among ths first of the colonies to fight for freedom. 

Frelinghuysen. An excellent type of the early Dutch settler 
is Reverend Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen, who came from 
Holland in 1720. He was the pioneer in establishing the Dutch 
Reformed Church in New Jersey. His son, Major General 
Frederick Frelinghuysen, served with great distinction in the 
Revolutionary War and was a member of the Continental Con- 
gress. Among his other descendants were General John Freling- 
huysen, an officer in the War of 181 2, and Theodore Freling- 
huysen, a United States senator and chancellor of the University 
of New York. The Frelinghuysens have always been closely 
identified with the political and religious life of New Jersey. 




Fig. 60. Oldest house in Mcwark 



98 



HISTORY 



COLONIAL LIFE IN NEW JERSEY 



Early homes. The homes of the early settlers were small, 
comfortable one-story buildings surrounded by gardens. Most 
of the houses were built of wood, but a few were of stone or 
brick. Shingles of oak, chestnut, and cedar wood were used for 




Fig. 6i. Fireplace in a colonial kitchen. Most of the domestic life of the time 
centered about the kitchen 



the roof, which sloped down beyond the side walls to form 
a piazza. Cooking was done in the huge fireplaces, and light 
was furnished by means of tallow candles or pine knots. 

Colonial costumes. The women were quaintly dressed in 
jackets of cloth or silk and short quilted petticoats. High 
starched ruffs, worsted stockings of various colors, and high- 
heeled leather boots completed their costumes. The hair was 
generally pushed back from the forehead and covered with a 
cap of muslin, calico, or lace, or sometimes with a silk hood. 
Rings and brooches were the jewelry most commonly worn. 



COLONIAL LIFE IN NEW JERSEY 



99 



The men were even more quaintly dressed. The usual costume 
was a long-waisted coat made with the skirt reaching nearly 
to the knees, and baggy knee trousers trimmed with buttons. 
With these they wore gay lace-trimmed vests, black silk stock- 
ings, low shoes with silver buckles, and a low-crowned hat. 




Fig. 62. Dolls illustrating the Puritan and Cavalier costumes of early New Jersey 



Means of travel. The people seldom traveled, but when they 
did travel they went on horseback or by private conveyance 
over the old Indian trails until the '^ wagon road" was built 
and the first stage line started in 1764. The stage was a 
covered wagon without springs, called the Flying Machine, 
and it took three days to make the trip from Jersey City 
to Philadelphia. 

Religion and education. As soon as a town was founded pro- 
vision was made for the religious and educational needs of the 
people. On the Sabbath everybody was expected to attend 
church. The first school for the teaching of reading, writing, 
and ciphering was started at Bergen, now Jersey City, in 1662. 



100 



HISTORY 



In those early days there were no blackboards, no maps, few 
textbooks, and very few qualified teachers. The schoolmaster 
was also the ''Voorleezer," or minister's assistant, who led the 
singing in church and took the minister's place when he was 
absent. The years from 1734 to 1750 are known as the era 
of the Great Awakening, when a wave of intense religious feel- 
ing swept over all the colonies. In New Jersey fervor was 




Fig. 63. The old brick office in which Isaac ColHns, as printer to the Crown, 

printed the Continental money. In this office also Benjamin Franklin printed the 

colonial money of New Jersey, about 1727 



aroused by the eloquence of George Whitefield and Jonathan 
Edwards, who conducted religious revivals. They were as- 
sisted by the Reverend Filbert Tennet, John Woolman of the 
Society of Friends, and David Brainerd, the Indian missionary.- 
John Woolman. John Woolman was a humble tailor who 
received his call to speak at the age of twenty-one. Born in 
New Jersey in 1720, he began in 1746 his many years of 
wandering and preaching through the American colonies, sup- 
porting himself by his trade. It was during these years that 
he wrote his ''Journal," which is the best original document 
on living conditions in the colonies in the years 1746 to 1771. 
The ''Journal" is partly a record of living conditions and partly 
a revelation of the author's own soul. Woolman was a practical 



COLONIAL LIFE IN NEW JERSEY 



lOI 




Fig. 64. The great seal of 
New Jersey 



man who lived precisely as he wished others to live. He forever 
preached those ancient truths of humility, hard work, and 
spiritual devotion which are as true today as they were then. 
He died in 1772 at York, in the course of a visit to the Society 
of Friends in England. 

Colonial money. For a long time wampum, the shell beads 
of the Indians, was used in place of money for all business 
transactions among the colonists. Wampum is the name of 
black and white beads made from the 
shells of the clam and periwinkle, and 
its value depended upon its color, polish, 
and smoothness. The value of wampum 
varied at different times, but usually 
three black or six white beads equaled 
one stiver, or about two cents of our 
money. Metal coins were very scarce, 
even after the Revolution. A few Eng- 
lish and Spanish pieces were in circula- 
tion, and in 1682 a copper and a silver 

coin, privately minted by one Mark Newbrie, were authorized 
by the assembly. At the time of the Revolution New Jersey, 
like the other colonies, printed paper money. 

Amusements of the colonies. Church discipline was a power- 
ful restraint upon the amusements of the colonists. Dancing, 
card-playing, all forms of gambling and theatergoing, were 
strictly forbidden by church law. Fox-hunting, fishing con- 
tests, and contests of physical strength, such as boxing and 
fencing, were greatly enjoyed, but horse-breeding and turf- 
racing led all other sports. 

So interested were the great number of gentlemen in this 
sport that a horse's head was used on the Great Seal of New 
Jersey adopted in 1776. When the seal for the city of Trenton 
was designed in 1793 it too bore a horse's head. 

^A royal governor. In 1747 Jonathan Belcher of Massa- 
chusetts was appointed governor by the king. He was a 
tactful, honest, and just man and did much to soothe the 
turbulence caused by land quarrels. 



I02 



HISTORY 



Governor Belcher showed a great interest in Princeton Col- 
lege. He granted the necessary charter for its establishment 
and proved so true a friend of the institution that the trustees 
desired to name it in his honor, but he declined, suggesting 
the name of Nassau Hall as an expression of ^'the honor we 

retain in this remote part 
of the globe to the immortal 
memory of the glorious King 
William IH." The Belcher 
home is at Elizabeth. 

Slavery in New Jersey. 
Slaves passing from New 
York to Philadelphia and the 
South overranNewJersey. In 
1800 there were over twelve 
thousand slaves in the state, 
a larger slave population 
than in any other Northern 
state except New York. 

The people of New Jersey 
sent petition after petition 
to the legislature asking for 
special regulation of slavery. 
Finally a bill was passed 
imposing a duty of £15 upon 
every purchaser of a slave. 
The Quakers disapproved of slavery, and early in the life 
of the colony made this influence felt. One of the first and 
ablest workers against slavery was John Woolman, who had 
been one of the leaders of the great religious revival. He trav- 
eled throughout the settlements of New Jersey and Virginia 
preaching to Friends and others against the evils of human 
slavery. Although Woolman was poor and slavery was an 
accepted institution, his earnestness and sincerity won mapy 
converts. In 1786 a society for the abolition of slavery was 
formed, and in 1804 an act for the gradual abolition of slavery 
within the state was passed. This act provided that after 




Fig. 65. A royal governor 



COLONIAL LIFE IN NEW JERSEY 



103 



July 4 of that year every boy born of slave parents should 
become free at the age of twenty-five years, and every girl at 
the age of twenty-one years. Slavery was abolished by law 
in New Jersey in 1846. 

Attitude of New Jersey toward England. England, like all 
the European countries, maintained that she had a perfect right 




Fig. 66. Colonial loom 



to tax her colonies as she saw fit, without regard to the col- 
onists' point of view. The people of New Jersey, law-abiding 
and just, were nevertheless firm lovers of liberty and objected 
strongly to England's attitude on taxation. The first meeting 
of protest was held at Newark, June 11, 1774, followed by one 
at New Brunswick. From the latter meeting members were 
chosen to attend the First Continental Congress, which met at 
Philadelphia, ^September 5, 1774. On May 23, 1775, the 
''Provincial Congress of New Jersey," as they called them- 
selves, met at Trenton and assumed complete authority over 
the province. Steps were taken at this meeting to organize 



104 



HISTORY 



?9 







a militia and to raise money by taxation for its needs. To the 
Second Continental Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, 
the New Jersey colonists sent a message of loyalty to the cause 
of America and professed their willingness to follow the action 
of the congress. 

The last of the royal governors. For over seventy years New 
Jersey had been a royal province ruled by a governor of 

the crown, but the 
^- J- " ■ growing sentiment 

of anger against the 
tyranny of the Eng- 
lish king resulted in 
another meeting of 
tlie Provincial Con- 
gress of New Jersey. 
In this meeting it 
was declared that 
the state of New 
Jersey should there- 
after be independent 
of royal authority. 
Governor Franklin, 
who had remained loyal to the king, called the legislature 
together to see if the rising tide of rebellion against Eng- 
land could not be checked ; but, instead of submitting to his 
will, that body declared Franklin an enemy of the country and 
had him arrested. He refused to give up his authority in the 
province and was sent to Connecticut, where he was finally 
paroled and allowed to return to England. 

Tories and Patriots in New Jersey. In New Jersey's civil life 
Patriots fought Tories, ne^ighbor fought neighbor. At first the 
Patriots of New Jersey tried to make the Tories see the justice 
of their stand for freedom, but when this failed the Tories 
were disarmed and some arrested. Many fled to Jhe vicinity of 
New York, where they organized, welcomed the British in- 
vaders, and led raid after raid into New Jersey, committing 
many shocking crimes against the people and their property. 



Fig. 67. The Howell House, Greenwich., Here the 

men from Bridgeton and Fairfield met on their way 

to burn the Greyhound's cargo of tea 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



105 



New Jersey's "tea party." The tax on tea had aroused bitter 
opposition in every colony, and when the EngHsh merchants 
tried to sell tea to the colonists in New Jersey, New Jersey's 
action was very similar to Boston's. The captain of the Grey- 
hound, an English vessel loaded with the hated article, feared 




Fig. 68. An old New Jersey foot warmer, candle mold and warming pan 

to land his cargo at Philadelphia, so he docked at the little 
town of Greenwich in Cumberland County and put the tea in a 
storehouse. A band of Whigs dressed as Indians broke open 
the storehouse and burned all the tea. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

New Jersey has been rightly called the Warpath of the Revo- 
lution. Her open, level lowlands between New York and 
Trenton — the main point of military advantage between the 
North and the South — were the camping ground of both 
armies. Some of the most dramatic events of the war occurred 
here. Back and forth, retreating or advancing, the British 
and American armies had three important battles and many 
skirmishes. The war opened in Massachusetts, moved to New 
York, then to New Jersey, and ended in triumph in Virginia. 
It was in New Jersey that the British met with their first 
defeat, and for three years Washington's men spent the winters 
in the foothills around Morristown, where evidences of the 

old quarters may still be seen. 
J 



io6 



HISTORY 



Signers of the Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776, 
the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed. Five repre- 
sentatives from New Jersey signed this famous document: 
Richard Stockton, an eminent lawyer of Princeton ; John 
Witherspoon, president of Princeton University; John Hart, 
Abraham Clark, and Francis Hopkinson, men of great learning. 




Fic. 69. It was near this spot that Washington crossed the Delaware on Christ- 
mas night, 1776, the eve of the battle of Trenton 



Washington's retreat. That same year, after the disastrous 
battle of Long Island, Washington was compelled to surrender 
Fort Lee and Fort Washington and to begin his retreat across 
New Jersey. His small army, poorly disciplined, ill-clad and 
half-fed, were deeply depressed by a succession of defeats and 
the severity of the weather. They moved wearily on. Corn- 
wallis, the British commander, with troops well-equipped and 
disciplined, flushed with success, followed closely. Wash- 
ington, by burning bridges and destroying provisions, was able 
to delay the enemy, but finding that Cornwallis was pressing 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 107 

on with a superior force he decided to cross the Delaware 
River at Trenton. Seizing all the boats up and down the 
river for many miles, the patriot army embarked and pushed 
out from the Jersey shore just as the enemy came in sight. 

The British go into winter quarters. Cornwallis, feeling that 
the Revolution was practically ended, decided to close the 
campaign for the winter and return to England. Detailing his 
troops to strong points, he sent one detachment to Mount 
Holly under Von Donop, another detachment to Princeton, 
and left fifteen hundred Hessians at Trenton under the 
command of Colonel Rahl. 

Battle of Trenton. In this scattered arrangement of troops 
Washington saw his opportunity for attack. Secret-service 
men had sent him accurate information concerning the British 
troops. Only great generals seize opportunities, and Wash- 
ington's generalship during this gloomy period has never been 
excelled. On Christmas Day, 1776, he recrossed the Delaware 
amidst a violent snowstorm, with the river full of floating ice, 
and hurled his troops on the British at Trenton. Washington 
divided his men into two columns, commanded by Generals 
Sullivan and Greene, and ordered the first column to attack 
the lower end of the city when Greene's column attacked from 
the north. Colonel Rahl had spent the night in more comfort 
than diligence. His troops were surprised by Greene's column 
and driven from place to place. Sullivan, attacking as soon as 
he heard the musketry from Greene's troops, helped to throw 
the Hessians into disorder. Caught between two fires, the 
Hessians began to scatter, their cannon were captured, and 
Rahl was mortally wounded. Finally the main body, hemmed 
in on all sides, surrendered. In less than two hours the battle 
was over and the enemy were dispersed or captured, having 
lost over one thousand men, killed, wounded, or prisoners, 
including the commanding officers. Among the spoils were the 
much-needed cannon and ammunition wagons and all the 
army's colors. The American loss was confined to two men 
frozen to death and four wounded. Never was a battle so easily 
won ; never was a victory so complete. 



io8 



HISTORY 



The next day Washington's army was back on its old camp- 
ing ground. The effect of this victory was overwhelming. The 
country took new life, the morale of the army was strengthened, 
and enlistments greatly increased in number. Even some of 
the Loyalists in New Jersey swore allegiance to the patriot 
cause. The victory at Trenton was the turning point of the 




(C) Hpiun Br..i. 

Fig. 70. Kind's Highway, Pluckemin, Morristown. Washington marched to 
Trenton by this road, and his troops put the milestone here 

Revolutionary War. From that time liberty, although sorely 
tried, was always safe, and Washington took his place among 
the great commanders of the world. 

Cornwallis outwitted. Encouraged by this success Washing- 
ton again crossed the Delaware to occupy Trenton, but this 
time Cornwallis, who had canceled his trip to Europe, was on 
the alert. He hastened from New York to Princeton and, with 
a strong detachment of soldiers, marched south to subdue 
Washington. He met Washington's advance guard at the vil- 
lage of Lawrenceville, January 2, 1777, between Trenton and 
the bend of the Delaware. The advance guard delayed the 
enemy until dusk, then retired across the only bridge that 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



109 



spanned the Assanpink Creek in Trenton, where the Americans 
were intrenched. Three times did the British charge this 
bridge, only to be driven back each time. Then CornwalHs, 
feehng assured that Washington could not escape him, with- 
drew his troops for the night. Washington realized the ex- 
tremely grave position of his army, hemmed in by the British, 




\r} 



^ 






muiMtMniimii 



Fig. 71. Where cannon balls were made for Washington's army. The old forge 

known as the cradle of the iron industry. (Site now covered by the waters of 

the Jersey City Reservoir) 

the Delaware full of floating ice, and the great swamps of 
New Jersey. He called a council of war to be held in the 
Douglass House, Trenton. Here a daring scheme was planned, 
— to march around the British, strike the enemy at Princeton, 
then reach New Brunswick, where great quantities of British 
gold and supplies were being held. 

With camp fires burning brightly, intrenchments thrown up, 
and sentinels marching back and forth, the main body of Wash- 
ington's troops quietly marched away over a newly completed 
road that led through the great swamp north and west of 
Trenton. 

The next morning Cornwallis was awakened by the sound 
of cannon coming from the rear, in the direction of Princeton. 
In desperate haste he set out once more to pursue Washington. 



no 



HISTORY 



Battle of Princeton. Washington's men had reached Prince- 
ton at sunrise, just as three British regiments under Colonel 
Mawhood crossed the bridge over Stony Brook. The heroic 
General Hugh Mercer had been detailed to occupy that bridge 
while Washington with the main column attacked the town. 
The British forces marching out of Princeton on the way to 
Trenton defeated Mercer's column and killed that general. 
Washington's supports, however, renewed the battle in that 




Fig. 72. Johnson's mill and farmhouse. At this mill corn was often ground for 
the American army during the Revolution. The British raided the place in 1776 



quarter. The British were driven back to the college build- 
ings and were finally compelled to surrender. The American 
victory was complete. Washington and his army then marched 
to Kingston, and from there to the Highlands around Morris- 
town, where they remained the balance of the winter. The 
exhaustion of the troops prevented the attack on New Bruns- 
wick, and that plan was abandoned. 

Some of the ablest and best officers of the American forces 
gave their lives for freedom during the battle of Princeton. 
Among these were General Hugh Mercer, who had been a 
comrade of Washington during the French and Indian War, 
Colonel Haslet, and Captains Fleming, Neil, and Shippen. 
Daniel Neil was a native of New Jersey who at the outbreak 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR in 

of the war had enlisted in the artillery, where his faitliful 
service was commended on more than one occasion. 

Howe's expedition into New Jersey. In the spring of 1777 
Washington broke camp at IMorristown and fortified his army 
on the heights of Middlebrook. Howe, hoping to draw Wash- 
ington into the open field and there defeat him, advanced from 
New Brunswick. A number of skirmishes occurred at Bound- 
brook, Middlebrook, and Rocky Hill without decisive results. 




H-m ™ 



T- *iJ-M>-* 



I 



Fig. 73. Washington's headquarters at Pompton, New Jersey 

Howe saw that he could not draw Washington into an open 
combat and decided to march to Philadelphia. He passed 
through Rahway to Perth Amboy, harassed at every step by 
Washington's men until in disgust he gave up the land route to 
Philadelphia and started by sea. He landed at Elkton, Mary- 
land, defeated Washington at Brandywine and Germantown, 
and then with his army occupied the city of Philadelphia. 
In order to allow the English fleet to come up the river to 
Philadelphia, he decided that all forts below this city must be 
captured. 

Attack at Red Bank. Protecting the city of Philadelphia from 
attack by sea were two forts on the Delaware River, Fort 
Mifflin on the west shore and Red Bank on the New Jersey 



112 HISTORY 

shore. To obstruct the passage between these forts large 
timbers were chained together in the channel. A gunboat and 
several small vessels under Commodore Hazlewood gave added 
protection to the forts. On October 21, 1777, Von Donop, a 
British commander, marched down the New Jersey shore to 
Red Bank, which he attacked while the British war vessels 
bombarded Hazlewood's flotilla. Von Donop was killed, but 
his men reached Philadelphia safely. Then Cornwallis with 

five thousand troops 
set out to capture 
the forts. He found 
it a difficult task, 
but succeeded, forc- 
ing Washington to 
withdraw his army 
and go into winter 
quarters at Valley 
Forge. 

Battle of Mon- 
mouth Court House. 
An American vic- 
tory at Saratoga on October 1 7 had had one far-reaching result. 
It brought France actively into the conflict on the American 
side. This entry of the French nation into the war caused a 
change in the British plans. A new general. Sir Henry Clinton, 
assumed command. Fear of an attack by the French fleet 
caused the British to abandon Philadelphia, and Clinton re- 
treated across New Jersey in order to concentrate his forces 
at New York. Here was Washington's opportunity. With a 
well-drilled army he struck the British forces at Monmouth 
Court House. The unfortunate choice of General Charles Lee 
as commander of the advance guard wrecked Washington's 
plans. Lee was ordered to attack, but did so in a half-hearted 
way. His men were first checked, then defeated, then hurled 
back in wild confusion on the main army. Only Washington's 
direct presence rallied these troops. Washington re-formed his 
men and, seconded by Generals Greene, Wayne, and Stirling, 




Fig. 74. Old powder magazine, Newark. On this site 
Anthony Wayne is said to have encamped in 1779 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



11^ 



renewed the battle. Wayne, from an advanced position in an 
orchard, broke the charge of the British guards and finally 
compelled the enemy to withdraw. It was a hot, sultry day, 
June 28, 1778, and both armies were exhausted by the heat, 
which was so intense that many soldiers died from sunstroke. 
During the night Clinton slipped quietly away to Sandy Hook, 
boarded his ships and sailed to New York, where he remained 




Fig. 75. Paulus Hook. (From an old print) 



until the close of the war. This was the last great battle on 
Northern soil. It was a victory for Washington, but not a 
decisive one. Afterwards the war was transferred to the 
South, where the struggle finally ended with the surrender 
of Cornwallis at Yorktown. 

Mollie Pitcher. "Mollie Pitcher," a large and powerful 
woman, played an unusual part in the battle of IMonmouth 
Court House. During the battle, while she was carrying water 
to the gunners, she saw her husband shot down. Putting aside 
her water pail, she bravely took his place at the cannon for 
the remainder of the battle. The following day General Greene 
presented her to General Washington, who cited her for brav- 
ery. The real name of this remarkable woman was Mary 
McCauly. 



114 HISTORY 

Paulus Hook. Paulus Hook, now the center of Jersey City, 
was captured by the Americans in August, 1779, by one of 
the most daring raids of the war. This fort was separated 
from the mainland by salt meadows and fortified by breast- 
works, a blockhouse, and cannon. Early in the morning Major 
Harry Lee and Captain Allen McLane, with but a small por- 
tion of their men (about one hundred and fifty soldiers), sur- 
prised the fort and at the point of bayonet and sword captured 




Fig. 76. Washington's headquarters, Morristown 

it, taking over one hundred and fifty prisoners. Congress 
ordered a gold medal to be given Major Lee in recognition of 
his brave act. 

The winter of 1779 at Morristown. The winter of 1779 was 
very severe. It was bitterly cold, and deep snow covered the 
ground. The condition of Washington's men was pitiable. 
Without permanent huts, on half allowance, without warm 
clothing, shoes, or blankets, they endured the intense suffering 
of Valley Forge over again. Conditions were improved in 
February, when the soldiers had taken possession of huts; 
and with the welcome return of spring came Lafayette and 
the glad tidings of new help from France. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



115 



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ii'm ill trlZlri ?SmZ^f 

m(m?m. mm mm tP^/sr ^ 



f* ^i4tfl 



New Jersey's quota in the Revolutionary War. At the begin- 
ning of the Revolutionary War New Jersey furnished two 
battalions of eight companies each. Each company was com- 
posed of sixty-eight privates, whose term of enlistment was 
one year and whose pay was $5 a month. A third battalion 
was raised for the 
campaign in Canada. 
In September, 1776, 
Maxwell's brigade of 
four battalions was or- 
ganized. Three other 
regiments took part 
in the siege of York- 
town. 

The critical period 
in New Jersey. Dur- 
ing the Revolutionary 
War the Patriots of 
New Jersey endured 
greater hardships than 
those of any other 
state. Because of her 
central position two 
conflicting armies 
camped, marched, and 
fought on her soil. When the invading armies left, partisan 
warfare broke out. Tories raided and kidnaped her people, 
while the ''pine robbers," bands of desperate men who lived in 
the wooded sections of Monmouth County, killed and robbed 
Tories and Patriots impartially. The people were deeply in 
debt, their industries were destroyed, and agriculture was at a 
standstill. Jealousies between states sprang up, and the Articles 
of Confederation lost all power of holding the states together. 
Thoughtful men realized that prosperity and real peace could 
only come through a national government strong enough to 
control all the states. 



Fig. 77. Independence Monument at Springfield 



ii6 HISTORY 

PERIOD OF THE CONFEDERATION 

In 1 781 the Articles of Confederation, fathered by Benjamin 
Frankhn, became the law of the land. These provided for a 
loosely joined union in which the central government could only 
advise and recommend action since there was no executive 
department to enforce its recommendations. The individual 
states seemed unwilling to lose any of their powers. As a result 
many acts were not enforced ; Congress soon lost all dignity, 
and its influence grew weaker and weaker. 

New Jersey's quarrel with New York. The lack of a strong 
central power soon led to more or less violent controversies 
between the different states. New Jersey was no exception 
and was soon involved in a quarrel with New York which 
arose over two questions : first, paper money ; second, customs 
duty. New Jersey had printed large quantities of paper money, 
which New York refused to accept. New York had passed 
a customs duty on all imported articles passing through her 
port. In order to keep her coined money she had also placed 
a customs duty on all garden truck from New Jersey and all 
firewood from Connecticut. New Jersey objected to paying 
this duty and appealed in vain to Congress, which seemed 
too weak to act. Then New Jersey in retaliation placed a tax 
of £360 a year upon the lighthouse at Sandy Hook and called 
upon New York for payment. 

New Jersey refuses to pay her quota. The colonists had in- 
curred a debt of $6,000,000 in their light for freedom, and the 
Continental Congress had proportioned this amount among the 
several states, although it had no power to enforce payment. 
After her quarrel with New York, New Jersey voted that she 
would not pay her quota of the national debt until all the 
states accepted a measure of an import — customs duty — 
for the benefit of the general treasury. This was practically a 
declaration of independence. In March, 1786, a committee of 
the Continental Congress came to New Jersey to reason with 
her. The state, they claimed, was in honor bound to pay her 
debt. Finally, on the invitation of the Continental Congress 



PERIOD OF THE CONFEDERATION 117 

to meet with all the other states to discuss all gr;cvances. New 
Jersey recalled her vote on this measure and elected three dele- 
gates to the Annapolis Convention. They were Abraham 
Clark, William Churchill Houston, and James Schurman. 

The Annapolis Convention. Only five states — New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia — sent dele- 
gates to this convention. The instructions to the New Jersey 



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W-I JERSEY C 



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Fig. 78. Facsimile of the first nevvspajXT published in New Jersey 



delegates were to discuss the commercial question of duty and 
all other important matters. Alexander Hamilton of New 
York, who was present at the convention, at once saw the value 
of these instructions. He proposed another meeting of dele- 
gates to discuss other important matters, which really meant 
the entire revision of the Articles of the Confederation. Con- 
gress approved this plan, and delegates from all the states 
except Rhode Island were chosen for the second convention. 
The Constitutional Convention. In ]\lay, 1787, a convention 
composed of fifty-five delegates, representing all the states 
except Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia to form a national 
constitution. Washington presided over the convention, which 



ii8 HISTORY 

included the ablest men of the country. The Constitution 
framed by the great wisdom of these men stands today as a 
world-famous instrument of government. 

Virginia and New Jersey each proposed plans for a new 
constitution. Virginia wanted two branches in the legislature, 
New Jersey one ; Virginia would have legislative powers derived 
from the people, New Jersey from the states; Virginia would 
have a single executive, New Jersey more than one. By the 
Virginia plan the national legislature could act on national 
concerns and control or destroy all state law; by the New 
Jersey plan the national legislature could act only to a limited 
extent in all concerns. In brief, Virginia proposed a national 
government. New Jersey a confederate government. 

Alexander Hamilton spoke against the New Jersey plan. 
He claimed it was the same old Articles of Confederation, with 
a few new patches, and compared it to the same piece of pork 
with change of sauce ! 

The Virginia plan was adopted with some modifications. 
The confederate government is embodied in the United States 
Senate, in which every state, large or small, has equal repre- 
sentation. This was New Jersey's greatest part in the fram- 
ing of the Constitution. New Jersey had declared that the 
rules of commerce ought to be regulated by the national gov- 
ernment. She had also declared that the laws and treaties of the 
United States should be the supreme laws of the state. Both 
of these propositions were embodied in the new constitution. 

New Jersey's delegates to this convention were William 
Livingston, chief justice of New Jersey for twelve years; 
William Paterson, a delegate to the Provincial Congress in 
1775, senator, attorney-general, and associate justice of the 
United States ; William Churchill Houston, a member of Con- 
gress and professor of mathematics at the College of New 
Jersey (Princeton); Jonathan Dayton, Speaker of the House 
of Representatives and United States senator ; Abraham Clark, 
a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 

After the Constitution was accepted by the convention it 
was sent to the different states to be voted upon by the people. 



PERIOD OF THE CONFEDERATION 



119 



New Jersey without a dissenting vote accepted the Constitution 
in December, 1787, being the third state to ratify. 

How New Jersey tried to make Trenton the national capital. 
In 1783, at the Annapohs Convention, the Continental Congress 
considered the location of a permanent federal capital. Previ- 
ous to this time it had held meetings in Philadelphia, Baltimore, 




© rjetroil I'lihlisliing Company 

Fig. 79. Aqueduct over the Pomplon River. Morris Canal 

Lancaster, York, Princeton, and Annapolis. New Jersey im- 
mediately offered to grant land twenty miles square anywhere 
within its borders for a capital. Congress met at Trenton 
in 1 784, when the question was again discussed. The Southern 
states held out against the capital being so far north, and 
even the personal influence of Washington could not change 
their decision. In 1801 a final unsuccessful attempt was made 
to secure the United States capital for Trenton or some neigh- 
boring place on the Delaware River. Although it failed to 
become the national capital, Trenton has been the state capital 
since 1709. 



120 HISTORY 

Development of New Jersey. During the latter part of the 
eighteenth century New Jersey's growth was marked by im- 
proved settlements ; the establishment of continuous land and 
water routes from Philadelphia to New York ; the building of 
ferries and post roads; the establishment of post offices at 
Trenton, Perth Amboy, and Burlington; the chartering of 
Princeton University and Rutgers College; the building of 
barracks ; and the establishment of the first Indian reservation 
in the United States in Burlington County. 

Thirteen original counties. On the eve of the Revolution 
New Jersey's population was about 80,000 and her counties 
numbered 13: Salem, 1675; Gloucester, 1677; Middlesex, 
1682; Essex, 1682; Bergen, 1682; Monmouth, 1682; 
Somerset, 1688; Cape May, 1692; Burlington, 1694; Hunter- 
don, 1 714; Morris, 1739; Cumberland, 1748; and Sussex, 

1753- 
The first president. Washington was unanimously elected the 

first president of the United States and started on his journey 
from his home on the banks of the Potomac to the national 
capital, which was then New York. When he reached Trenton 
— the scene of his great victory — he found that a grateful 
people had erected a triumphal arch on the bridge which 
spanned the Assanpink Creek. It was here that Washington, 
by a masterly stroke, had saved the day for freedom. Deeply 
moved by the warmth of his welcome, Washington majestically 
rode his horse through the arch of thirteen pillars covered with 
evergreens and laurels and bearing inspiring inscriptions. As 
he reached the Trenton side of the bridge flower girls singing 
a song of praise strewed his path with blossoms. 

Federalists in New Jersey. The years immediately following 
the Revolution brought into existence the two political parties, 
the Federalists and the Republicans, which have finally be- 
come the Republican and Democratic parties of today. The 
differences in the beliefs of the two parties were brought out 
strongly in the making of the Constitution, the Federalists 
favoring a strong central government and the Republicans 
wishing to give the greater power to the states. New Jersey 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 121 

was small in area and in population, conservative, and accus- 
tomed to a strong central power in her own government, hence 
it was natural for her to be strongly Federalist. The first three 
governors under the Constitution — William Livingston, Wil- 
liam Paterson, and Richard Howell — were prominent members 
of that party and for twenty-six years kept its influence upper- 
most in the political affairs of the state. 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 

New Jersey about 1800. The population of the state in 1790 
was a little more than one hundred and eighty-four thousand, 
which placed New Jersey the ninth state in that respect. To- 
day New Jersey holds tenth place. There were few towns 
of importance, however, and no large cities, the people being 
widely scattered and few of them well-to-do. The farms, upon 
which the greater proportion of the people lived, had been 
ruined by the passing and repassing of the armies, and trans- 
portation was almost negligible, since there were neither rail- 
roads nor canals. But the industry and enterprise of the 
inhabitants enabled the state to recover rapidly from its im- 
poverished condition. Farseeing and progressive citizens were 
beginning to plan improvements in the means of travel and 
transportation ; industries of many kinds were being promoted ; 
and manufacturing, which had been almost at a standstill for 
several years, was begun again with energy and determination. 

Early industries. As early as 1676 shoes had been made in 
Elizabeth, and four years later the first flour mill was built 
in Trenton. This was soon followed by the first sawmill, 
erected at Woodbridge, and in 1698 the first tannery was estab- 
lished at Newark. These four industries were probably the 
only ones to be carried on to any great extent until 1728, when 
the manufacture of paper was commenced at Elizabeth. By 
1769 there were forty paper mills in the state. At the falls of 
the Passaic the city of Paterson was founded in 1791 under 
the patronage of Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, who saw the immense possibilities of the water power of 

J 



12 2 HISTORY 

the falls. In 1794 the first factory for the printing of calico 
goods was completed there. Today it is a city of factories. 

Development of the steamboat. John Fitch, an expert me- 
chanic, was the first inventor of the steamboat. Lacking the 
necessary money to carry out his project Fitch petitioned the 
state of New Jersey for aid, and in 1786 the New Jersey leg- 
islature granted him the exclusive right to use steamboats on 
all the waters of the state for a period of fourteen years. He 
built four boats, one of which traveled at the then astounding 
rate of a mile in seven and a half minutes. This was sixteen 
years before Fulton's Clermont steamed up the Hudson. It has 
been proved that Fulton had access to Fitch's drawings and, 
being a more practical man, made his steamboats succeed where 
Fitch's failed. 

The Phoenix, the first steamboat to navigate the ocean, was 
designed, constructed, and navigated by John Stevens and his 
son Robert L. Stevens — citizens of New Jersey — in 1808. 
The first steamboat to cross the Atlantic Ocean was the Savan- 
nah, which was constructed at the Vail works in Speedwell, 
near Morristown, ten years later. 

Industry after 1800. The industrial development of New Jer- 
sey was extraordinarily rapid during the years following 1800, 
when the promise of the latter part of the eighteenth century 
was fulfilled. It is estimated that there were in the state some 
eleven hundred mills of which nearly one half were devoted 
to the milling of flour. In Morris County the deposits of iron 
ore furnished the raw product for forges, furnaces, and rolling 
and slitting mills, which gave employment to many people. 
Because of the good grazing lands merino sheep were very 
numerous, and the carding of wool became an active industry. 

Better-roads movement. This growing industrial life in the 
state made good roads and ease of transportation imperative. 
The construction of turnpikes throughout central and northern 
New Jersey did much to aid both travel and transportation, 
and no less than fifty-four charters for the construction of such 
roads by private companies were issued in the first thirty years 
of the century. This was the beginning of the good-roads 




© Uetroit Publisliing Company 

Fig. So. Recent view of Paterson, from Reservoir Park 




Fig. 8i. A contemporary draft of one of Fitch's steamboats which was in 

use in 1790 



124 



HISTORY 




movement, in which New Jersey still excels. New Jersey was 
later the first to give state aid for the improvement of roads. 
Early railroads. In 1814 the legislature of New Jersey 
granted one of the first railroad charters in the United States. 
This road was to run from Trenton to New Brunswick, and 
the fact that this was projected before the conclusion of the 
War of 181 2 shows clearly how little that conflict had affected 

the economic pros- 
perity of the state. 
With the comple- 
tion of a single- 
track railway from 
Camden to Perth 
Amboy in 1834, 
New York and 
Philadelphia were 
connected for the 
first time. Follow- 
ing the enactment 
by the legislature 
of a general rail- 
road law which opened the way to all railroad enterprises, the 
growth and development of New Jersey's many thoroughfares 
was rapid. The first steam locomotive in America to transport 
passengers on a railroad track was built at Hoboken in 1825. 
At Bordentown, in 1831, an English locomotive, the John Bull, 
was given a successful public trial. For thirty years this 
locomotive gave good service, and it is now in the United 
States National Museum at Washington. During the Colum- 
bian Exposition, in 1893, the John Bull, under its own steam, 
made the trip from Philadelphia to Chicago and back. 

Early waterways. The number of natural waterways within 
the state aroused a desire to use these as a means of travel and 
transportation and to improve upon the existing routes. Thus 
the building of canals, once advocated, received earnest support. 
The first to be built in New Jersey was the Morris Canal, 
connecting Jersey City and Phillipsburg. The charter for this 



'.^I^Tr^^iJ^^^? 



Fig. 82. The first mill, erected in 1671 in Newark 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 



125 



canal was granted in 1824, but the canal was not finished until 
twelve years later, in 1836. In 1830 the second important 






"/^W^PW^IllllMiPiilJIip » n ^ » 






JXit^J j»iJ!A.''Z^.'3-U'-' i)>J Z'J-l^M. It,'. ^ JU^. 




a: c-.-.VJ 






Fig. S3. TableL coniniL-moraliiiij; Uie hrst railroad in New JL■r^L■y 



canal, the Delaware and Raritan, from New Brunswick to 
Bordentown, was authorized by the New Jersey legislature. 




Fig. 84. The Morris Canal 



lu; liruwn Hros. 



State constitution. The first state constitution of New Jersey 
was adopted in 1776 and continued in force until 1844, when 
a convention was called at Trenton to revise it. There were 
sixty delegates, proportioned among the several counties 



126 



HISTORY 



according to their population. This convention made several 
important amendments to the old constitution : ( i ) the governor 
was to be elected by the direct vote of the people for a term of 
three years and was not eligible to succeed himself; (2) the 
office of chancellor was made a separate and distinct position ; 
(3) suffrage was given to every male citizen of twenty-one years 
or over who had resided in the state one full year. The spirit 



b^ '.►'St. ^^^^ tss-^.^r-— 1fe?3^=ferS 




Fig. 85. Liberty Hall. Residence of Governor Livingston, ElLzabethtown 



of the old constitution remained and does remain to this day ; 
its evident errors only have been remedied. In 1875 the consti- 
tution was again amended, the most important section of this 
amendment being the provision for the establishment and 
support of a system of free public schools for all children 
within the state between the ages of five and eighteen years. 
No state has made a more far-reaching provision for its public- 
school system than has New Jersey. 

William Livingston. Under the first constitution of New 
Jersey there were fourteen governors, each chosen b}^ the legis- 
lature. The first governor was William Livingston of Eliza- 
beth, who served continuously from 1776 to 1790. Livingston 
was learned in the law, an eminent essayist, and an ardent 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 



127 



patriot. He had been a delegate to the First Continental Con- 
gress and was well fitted by training and habit to fill an ex- 
ecutive position during the trying times of the Revolution. 
William Livingston was a splendid character and a man al- 
ways honored by New Jersey people. 

New Jersey's part in the War of 1812. During this war New 
Jersey suffered no invasion, but there were several minor naval 




Fig. 86. The Bonaparte House 



engagements within the waters of the state. Her military 
efforts on land were directed toward the protection of the 
neighboring cities of New York and Philadelphia rather than 
of her own sandy coast, and to this end the state militia, 
mobilized as soon as war was declared, were stationed at Sandy 
Hook and Billingsport. When the British fleet blockaded 
the Atlantic seaboard. New Jersey, owing to her position, once 
more became the main thoroughfare for the military supplies 
between the North and the South. 

Two New Jersey men were famed for heroic deeds on the 
sea — William Bainbridge of Princeton, the commander of the 



128 



HISTORY 



Constitution when she captured the British man-of-war Java, 
and James Lawrence of Burlington, whose dying cry of ''Don't 
give up the ship ! " became the battle cry of the navy. 

As a whole New Jersey was opposed to this war. The people 
voted the Federalist party into power and passed resolutions 
against the war party, but as a loyal state she gave freely of 




Fig. 87. Newark. Broad Street, looking south, 1S54 



her troops and money. In all, over six thousand officers and 
privates were in the service of the United States government. 

Joseph Bonaparte. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte 
at the battle of Waterloo, his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, ex- 
king of Spain, fled to America. He purchased a country estate 
at Bordentown, New Jersey, and while there engaged in agri- 
culture under the title of Comte de Survilliers. The count 
was kind, hospitable, and agreeable, and his neighbors esteemed 
him highly. In 1832 he returned to Europe, after which for 
many years the Bonaparte mansion and grounds at Bordentown 
were of great interest to tourists. 

Seth Boyden (1785-1870). Several American inventors of 
note have lived in New Jersey and brought fame and prosperity 
to their native or adopted state. Among the earliest of these 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 



129 



was Seth Boyden, who lived for many years in Newark, one 
of the oldest towns in the country, dating back to 1666. New- 
ark grew very slowly, for after one hundred years the town had 
less than a thousand inhabitants. At the close of the War of 
181 2 Seth Boyden, who possessed great inventive talents, came 
to Newark and awakened the city to industrial prosperity. 




Fic. 88. The Vail Telegraph House, Morristovvn. Here the first practical model 
of the telegraph was made and operated 



Boyden started a foundry which produced the finest tools and 
machines. He invented a method of casting malleable iron 
and was the first man to make patent leather. His later experi- 
ments were along different lines. In agriculture he experi- 
mented with the small wild strawberry until he produced the 
large garden variety enjoyed today. Newark's rapid growth 
dates from the days of Seth Boyden. 

Stephen Vail (1780-1864). Another inventor of whom New 
Jersey is justly proud is Stephen Vail, owner of the ironworks 
at Speedwell, near Morristown. Vail was a natural mechanic. 



130 HISTORY 

As a lad he saw a cut-nail machine for a few minutes and was 
later able to reproduce the machine, which turned out nails at a 
profit. At his ironworks the boiler and shaft of the first ocean- 
going steamship, the Savannah, were made. Two sons of 
Stephen Vail greatly assisted Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor 
of the telegraph, with money, materials, and labor. The 
alphabet characters and a number of features of the telegraph 
have been credited to one of these sons, Alfred Vail. 

The Mexican War. In 1846, shortly after the new state con- 
stitution went into effect,' the United States declared war upon 
Mexico over the boundary line of Texas, which had been ad- 
mitted to the Union as a state the previous year. Four com- 
panies of New Jersey infantry aided General Winfield Scott in 
his victorious march from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. In 
the other field of the struggle — California, which was still 
Mexican territory — General Stephen Kearny and Commodore 
Robert Stockton gained important victories and helped to 
organize a strong government in that great region, which 
soon after the close of the war also became a part of the Union. 

Industrial growth. New Jersey, in common with the rest of 
the country, had suffered severely from two panics : one in 
181 7, primarily brought about by excessive importations of 
European manufactured goods after the War of 181 2 and the 
resulting scarcity of gold or silver for domestic uses ; another 
twenty years later, when the unheard-of prosperity of the 
previous years had brought about a feeling of false security 
regarding wealth, and bank notes flooded the state. Then, 
as in the earlier panic, there was no ''hard money" to replace 
the paper money, fortunes disappeared overnight, and suffer- 
ing and want were found everywhere. 

Within eight years, however, conditions were changed, and 
manufacturing was resumed on a greater scale than ever before. 
In the southern part of the state the glass industry and the 
growing number of woolen mills gave employment to more and 
more people ; in the north the ironworks, with their mills, 
foundries, and machine shops, and the silk mills and potteries 

n\ 125. 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 131 

had the same result. Cotton-manufacturing became common 
throughout the state, and paper mills were found in most 
sections. Along the coast shipbuilding became more and more 
important. These and many other manufacturing industries 
soon made New Jersey one of the foremost industrial states 
of the Union — a position which she still holds today, for even 
the great strain of the Civil War could not take from her 
the leading position which she had gained in these years. 




Fig. 89. Worn and carried about the time of thie Civil War 

The Civil War. No conflict in the four long years of the 
Civil War took place on New Jersey soil, but New Jersey men 
fought throughout the war for the Union. The state responded 
with eagerness to President Lincoln's call for troops, and so 
anxious were her men to volunteer that no draft was necessary 
to meet the national demands. On May i, 1861, at Trenton, 
the New Jersey brigade was mustered into the United States 
service, and when the capital at Washington was threatened 
by the Confederates this brigade was the first one to reach the 
city. In all. New Jersey gave above ninety thousand men and 
spent nearly $3,000,000 for their support and equipment. The 
men of New Jersey were brave and fearless soldiers and 
took part in many hard-fought battles. They were led part 
of the time by General Philip Kearny, whose preference for 
New Jersey troops is well known. 



132 



HISTORY 



Joel Parker (1816-1888). The great war governor of New 
Jersey was Joel Parker, who served from 1863 to 1866. Dur- 
ing the invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863, he hurried troops to 
the support of that state. He was a master of finance and 
managed so ably that the state of New Jersey paid all her war 
debt before the surrender of General Lee and still had a surplus 
in the treasury. Parker was elected governor again in 1872 

and afterwards became at- 
torney-general, and in 1880 
was made a justice of the 
Supreme Court. 

Thomas Alva Edison 
(1847- ). The name of 
Edison is probably more 
widely known than that of 
any other New Jersey in- 
ventor, for Thomas A. Edi- 
son is one of the world's 
greatest electricians. He has 
very extensive laboratories 
near Newark, where most 
of his inventions have been 
worked out. There he in- 
vented the electric-light bulb 
and there also he produced 
the phonograph. He improved and perfected the moving- 
picture machine until today it is one of the greatest educational 
factors. These are only a few of his numerous inventions which 
have aided the progress of industry and given employment to 
hundreds of New Jersey people. 

The war with Spain. The blowing up of the battleship Maine 
in the harbor of Havana brought about war between the United 
States and Spain in 1898. New Jersey sent four regiments 
into the military service and many naval reserves into the 
active naval service of the government. This war resulted in 
a complete victory for the United States, and Spain lost all her 
possessions in the Western Hemisphere. The war had very 




Fig. qo. 



© Lna.Tu 1 .V Vi 

Thomas A. Edison 



NEW JERSFA' AS A STATE 133 

little direct effect upon New Jersey, for the scenes of actual 
warfare were so far from our shores, and the briefness of the 
war prevented any industrial disturbance. 

Educational institutions of New Jersey. From its earliest days 
New Jersey has striven for the best in education. The first 
known school in the state was a little Dutch school in the town 




Fig. 91. New Jersey State Normal School at I rcnton 



of Bergen, which was opened in 1662. Upon the site of this 
first school now stands Public School No. 11 of Jersey City. 
Other schools were early established at Newark, Woodbridge, 
Perth Amboy, Elizabeth, and Freehold, but the first one of 
which there now exists a record was that at Burlington in 1683. 
From this humble beginning the growth of schools has been 
so rapid that today over two thousand public schools care for 
New Jersey's half-million children. 

In 1693 the first legislative act favoring the public schools 
was passed, authorizing the people to establish schools and 
maintain them by taxation. Today the laws of the state 
compel all children between the ages of seven and sixteen to 



134 



HISTORY 



attend school regularly unless granted an age and labor certifi- 
cate excusing them from school attendance. 

Normal schools. Realizing that the education and training of 
its future citizens rests with the teachers, the state of New 
Jersey supports normal schools for the training of teachers at 
Trenton, Montclair, and Newark. City normal schools are 
maintained for the same purpose at Jersey City, Paterson, and 




Fig. q2. State Normal College, Newark 



©Br. 



Camden. There are summer schools at Ocean City, Collings- 
wood. New Brunswick, and Newton ; industrial schools at 
Trenton, Newark, and Hoboken ; and a school for the training 
of teachers for defective children at Vineland. 

Princeton University. The oldest and most famous educa- 
tional institution in New Jersey is Princeton University at 
Princeton. At the beginning of the eighteenth century there 
were in the United States but three institutions of higher learn- 
ing : Harvard in Massachusetts, William and Mary College in 
Virginia, and Yale in Connecticut. In 1746 a charter for the 
establishment of a college in the middle colonies was obtained. 
The Reverend Jonathan Dickinson was named president and 
opened the College of New Jersey in Elizabethtown in April, 
1747. It was soon afterwards removed to Newark, and the 
Reverend Aaron Burr became its president. Under his care 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 



135 



the first commencement was held in 1748. Princeton was 
finally chosen as the ideal location for this college, and the 
ground was broken for the first of the permanent buildings 
in 1754. This was called Nassau Hall' in memory of King 
William III, who belonged to the illustrious House of Nassau. 
John Witherspoon was the most distinguished president of 
the college in its early years. He was an ardent patriot, a 




Fig. 93. Prmceton University 

member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the 
Declaration of Independence and of the Articles of Confedera- 
tion. During the Revolutionary War the College of New Jersey 
suffered severely from the contending armies. Nassau Hall 
was badly damaged and the library partly destroyed. In 1,896 
the college celebrated its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary, 
and at that time changed its name to Princeton University. 

Philip Freneau. Many prominent men received their instruc- 
tion at the College of New Jersey during the trying days of 
the Revolutionary War. Among these were James Madison, 
Aaron Burr, Henry Lee, Morgan Lewis, and Philip Freneau. 
The last named, a student of John Witherspoon, did much for 
the cause of freedom by his writings, which glowed with love 

ip. 102. 



136 



HISTORY 



of country. He was a writer of satire and bitterly attacked 
the oppressors of the colonies, chiefly King George and 
General Burgoyne. During the Revolutionary War Freneau 
was captured off Cape May and cast into the foul hold of the 
prison ship Scorpion, which lay at anchor in New York Bay. 

After his release he poured 
out his soul for American de- 
mocracy. He was one of the 
founders of the American 
Whig Society. Freneau, while 
in the employ of the Secretary 
of State, Jefferson, wrote such 
bitter attacks on Alexander 
Hamilton that Hamilton held 
Jefferson responsible as well 
as Freneau and retaliated 
upon both. After retiring 
from politics Freneau settled 
at Mt. Pleasant, near Free- 
hold, Monmouth County, 
where he spent the remainder 
of his life. 

Rutgers College. OnNovem- 
ber 10, 1766, Queen's College 
was granted a royal charter in 
the name of George IH. This 
charter, amended by Governor William Franklin,^ required 
the president to be a member of the Dutch Reformed Church 
in America, although no sectarian religious instruction was 
given. In 1808 the college hall was begun on the present 
campus, and in 1825 Colonel Henry Rutgers of New York 
made such a generous gift to the college that its name was 
changed to Rutgers in his honor. 

A scientific department was added in 1863, and in April, 
1864, the legislature of New Jersey declared Rutgers Scientific 
School to be 'Hhe State College for the Benefit of Agriculture 

ip. 104. 




Fig. Q4. Grover Cleveland. A famous 
resident of New Jersey and at the 
time of his death a trustee of Prince- 
ton University 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 137 

and the Mechanic Arts." By an act of Congress, July 2, 1862, 
a department known as the Agricultural Experiment Station 
had been added to Rutgers. A college farm of three hundred 
and fifty acres is now used for a course of training in scientific 
agriculture where experiments upon cattle and with crops and 
fertilizers are carried on. Bulletins with results of experiments 
are sent to farmers and are proving very valuable. 

Stevens Institute of Technology. John Stevens of Hoboken, 
a man of great inventive genius, designed the first steam ferry- 
boat to ply its way from Hoboken to New York. He invented 
the tubular boiler and, assisted by his son Robert, built the 
steamboat Phoenix, which was the first steam vessel to navigate 
the ocean. Two of his sons, Robert L. and Edwin A. Stevens, 
were inventors of merit who added many improvements to 
vessels, engines, and railway tracks. Edwin A. Stevens be- 
queathed a block of ground in the city of Hoboken and an 
endowment fund for the erection of buildings ''suitable for 
the use of an institution of learning." In 1870 a charter was 
obtained for the Stevens Institute of Technology, and the bril- 
liant scholar, Professor Henry Morton, was chosen president. 

A mechanical laboratory was added five years later. Stevens 
Institute of Technology is a school of mechanical engineering 
with a single four-year course of study. It grants the degree 
of mechanical engineer and the honorary degrees of doctor of 
philosophy and doctor of science. 

The World War. In 1914, when the World War broke out 
so unexpectedly in Europe, it was thought that the United 
States would not be drawn into the conflict any more than had 
been the case in other foreign wars. But within a short time 
the error of this was apparent, and the war involved almost 
the entire civilized world. On April 6, 191 7, Congress for- 
mally declared that a state of war existed between the United 
States and Germany. 

Camp Dix. To raise an overseas force a Selective Service Act 
was passed by Congress on May 18. This automatically in- 
ducted into the military and naval service all the physically fit 
young men of the country between the ages of twenty-one and 
J 



138 HISTORY 

thirty. In order to train these young men, taken from all paths 
of life, thirty-two camps, or cantonments, for soldiers were 
started in as many different parts of the country. One of the 
largest of these camps was located at Wrightstown, New 
Jersey, and was named Camp Dix in honor of Major General 
John Adams Dix, a soldier in the Civil War. 

New Jersey troops. The greater number of the New Jersey 
men who were chosen for the army under the Selective Service 
Act became a part of the 78th Division, commonly called the 
Lightning Division, which was organized and received its 
training in this country at Camp Dix. These New Jersey men 
were placed in the 311th and 312th Infantry regiments and in 
the 308th Field Artillery and were under the command of 
Major General James H. McRae. 

The New Jersey National Guard (with the exception of the 
ist and 2d Companies of Coast Artillery and the ist Ambulance 
Company),^ together with the National Guards of Virginia, 
Maryland, and the District of Columbia, composed the 29th 
Division, which was mobilized at Camp McClellan in Alabama, 
under the command of Major General Charles Morton. 

The 78th Division in the World War. The news came on 
Friday, May 17, 191 8, that the 78th Division was to sail ''over 
there" and take active part in the World War. So well trained 
were they that in less than thirty-six hours the 311th Regiment, 
of thirty-six hundred men with great quantities of baggage 
and equipment, had left Camp Dix, reached New York, 
and embarked aboard Army Transport 599 for France. 
After training for two months with the British the 78th Divis- 
ion was moved to an American sector to act as reserves in the 
St. Mihiel offensive. After that victory they were placed in 
the front line in the Linney sector for aggressive patrolling 
duty; next the division was sent to relieve the 77th Division 

^The ist Coast Artillery was assigned to the nth Coast Artillery, the 2d 
Coast Artillery to the 2d French Mortar Battery, both for service in the 
United States. The ist Ambulance Company was attached to the 42d Division 
(the "Rainbow Division"), which reached France in October, 1017, and which 
fought in Lorraine and Champagne, along the Aisne, Marne, and Meuse Rivers, 
and at St. Mihiel. 



NEW JERSEY AS A STATE 139 

and thereafter took part in the iVleuse-Argonne offensive. 
The towns of Grand Pre and Bois-des-Loges were reduced 
after desperate assaults, the latter place being captured on 
November 2, 1918. After this the division made a rapid ad- 
vance of twenty-one kilometers and successively occupied 
seven towns after desperate fighting. General John J. Pershing 
specially commended the 78th Division for aggressive work. 




Fig. 95. The piers of a trans-Atlantic line at Hoboken 

The 29th Division in France. The 29th Division reached 
France during June and July, 191 8, and after a short pre- 
liminary training in the interior of that country was sent first 
to an inactive sector in Alsace north of the important fortress 
of Belfort. After the service here was completed the troops 
were given their final training near Belfort and were sent to 
join the First Army as reserves to the 1 7th French Army Corps 
in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. On October 11 the 29th 
Division took complete charge of a sector north of Verdun, 
driving the Germans slowly and steadily back until October 30, 
when they were relieved by a fresh division. 



140 HISTORY 

Home again. New Jersey men served in many other divisions 
of the American Expeditionary Force, but not as distinct 
state units. Also, as in the case of every other war in which 
our country has been engaged, many men from our state were 
enrolled in the navy, where they served with equal distinction. 
All operations ceased on Armistice Day, November ii, 191 8, 
and the country faced the great task of bringing home the 




Fig. 96. Bootjack, cane, and hat belonging to a New Jersey citizen about the 

year 1850 

troops. By the close of the year 1919 the New Jersey men 
had been demobilized in the United States and had returned 
to civil life, and their great sacrifices and struggles became a 
part of the history of our state and our country. 

From this study of the geography and history of New Jersey 
you will see that the state is a land of opportunity. Here men 
from the four quarters of the world have made their homes. 
The thrifty Dutch, God-fearing Puritans, conscientious Scotch, 
cultivated Huguenots, peaceful Friends, with courageous and 
industrious men and women from Ireland, Sweden, and Den- 
mark, have always stood sturdy and strong in the defense of 
their state and of the Union. In science, art, literature, re- 
ligion, agriculture, and industry New Jersey stands in the front 
rank as one of the great states of the Union. 



CIVICS 

AN OUTLINE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW JERSEY 
LOCAL OR MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 

Origin. The earliest form of local government used in New- 
Jersey was the New England township form, but the great 
increase of population and the difficult problems of modern 
living have caused this form of government to be abandoned 
in the densely settled portions of the state. Newer types or 
forms of government, such as the incorporated town, the 
borough, and the city government, have now taken its place. 

Distinguishing features of local governments. The various 
types of local government best suited to the crowded districts 
are the incorporated town, the borough, and the city. Under 
these types of government the people, instead of voting directly 
on every question of local importance, elect delegates to repre- 
sent them. As these municipalities are regulated to some extent 
by state laws, they thus become a part of the state government. 
These local governments are similar, differing only in the wider 
range of welfare offices necessary to the greater population of 
town or city. 

The township. The township form of government provides a 
simple and effective way of caring for the welfare of the district. 
At the general election the voters elect the various officers to 
whom they are entitled by law ; namely, a township committee 
of three members, which is the legislative body of the town- 
ship; a justice of the peace, who is the judicial officer; a 
constable, who is the executive officer of the justice's court; 
a town clerk, who acts as secretary of the township committee ; 
a tax collecter; an assessor; a surveyor of highways; and a 

poundkeeper. 

141 



142 CIVICS 

The village. A part of a town may become a village by a vote 
of its inhabitants provided it has at least three hundred inhab- 
itants to every square mile of the territory to be thus set apart. 
At present there is but one village in the state. 

The borough. A borough, which is a popular form of munici- 
pal government for a small community, may be formed from 
a township, a village, a town, a city, or a portion of two or 
more townships. There is no limit to its size ; in fact, the 
population of a borough ranges from less than one hundred to 
more than five thousand. This area, having a distinctive name, 
is incorporated by a separate act of the legislature, which sets 
forth its boundary lines. The principal officers of a borough 
are elected by the people. These officers are a mayor, six 
councilmen, three assessors, and a tax collector. The mayor 
may appoint a clerk for the borough, an engineer, an overseer 
of the poor, one or more marshals, a poundkeeper, a superin- 
tendent of highways, and a borough recorder subject to ap- 
proval of the council. The council appoints an attorney. The 
head of the borough government is the council (comprised of 
the mayor and the six councilmen), who see that the laws of 
the state and the ordinances of the borough are enforced. This 
body, by proper ordinances, provides for the raising of money 
by taxation for police and fire protection ; lighting, sprinkling, 
and improving the streets ; water supply and sewerage ; and all 
general expenses of the borough. The mayor presides at these 
meetings, but votes only in case of a tie. When he is absent the 
president of the council presides over the meeting, but, unlike 
the mayor, the president votes on every motion brought before 
the council. 

The incorporated town. The incorporated town is very similar 
to the borough, which has largely supplanted it. An incorpo- 
rated town must have a population of five thousand or more. 
In its formation, the officers, and their functions it differs 
very little from the borough. It is organized on the basis of 
wards, and instead of a mayor it has a councilman at large, 
who not only presides at its meetings but exercises all the 
usual powers of a councilman. 



GOVERNMENT OF NEW JERSEY 143 

The city. Any town, borough, or township exceeding 5000 
inhabitants may become a city by a separate act of the legis- 
lature. Each city is governed by a charter granted to it by 
the state legislature. As the legislature may pass general 
laws or restrictions for the administration of city affairs, it 
becomes necessary to classify all cities for purposes of legisla- 
tion. Cities of the first class are those exceeding 1 50,000 inhab- 
itants; cities of the second class, those having from 12,000 to 
150,000 inhabitants; and cities of the third class, those having 
under 12,000 inhabitants, except the cities of the Atlantic 
coast which serve as summer resorts. These are classified 
as fourth-class cities. 

The cities of New Jersey as a rule are divided into wards, 
and each ward has a representative in the common council 
or in the board of aldermen, as the case may be. In large 
cities the legislative body is called the board of aldermen and 
in the smaller cities it is called the common council. Many 
cities have what is called the departmental system of govern- 
ment. Most of the executive work is done by departments. 
There are departments of police, fire, parks, water, street 
cleaning, etc., each having its own chief, who reports directly to 
the mayor and council, since he has no executive power beyond 
that delegated by the authorized power at the head of the city 
government. Besides these, there are a board of water com- 
missioners, a board of public works, a city engineer, and a 
city treasurer. 

Commission government in New Jersey. The newest type of 
municipal government developed in the past decade has been 
the commission government, so termed because the govern- 
ment is intrusted to a board or commission. It was first 
tried in the city of Galveston, Texas, after the flood of 1900 
had completely destroyed that city. The remarkable progress 
made in Galveston under its new charter caused other West- 
ern and Southern cities to adopt this modern form of gov- 
ernment. One of the first eastern cities to adopt commission 
government was Trenton, in 191 1. Since that time many other 
New Jersey municipalities have voted favorably for the 



144 CIVICS 

commission plan of government. Among these are Atlantic City, 
Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, Passaic, Vineland, Long Branch, 
Bordentown, Millville, Ocean City, and Haddonfield. The mod- 
ern features that are lacking in many cities are embodied in this 
new form of government ; namely, ( i ) the placing of the 
municipal governing authority in a small body of men elected 
at large, not by wards ; ( 2 ) the power to exercise administra- 
tive and legislative functions and the privilege of appointment 
by the board ; (3) the placing of each commissioner in charge 
of a definite department and making him responsible to the peo- 
ple for its proper and intelligent management; (4) the power 
given to the people to secure honest and efficient government 
through the medium of the initiative, referendum, and recall.^ 
The intrinsic value of commission government really rests on 
these cardinal principles. 

Under the New Jersey statute the executive, administrative, 
and legislative authority is vested in the commissioners elected, 
whether three or five in number. A commissioner on being 
assigned to any department has absolute control and is also 
individually responsible to his fellow commissioners and to 
the people for his own actions and those of his subordinates. 
The mayor, who is the director of public affairs, is advisory 
director to every commissioner. 

Ordinances as distinguished from laws. A law is an act passed 
by the legislature and signed by the governor which affects all 
the inhabitants of the state ; an ordinance is an act passed by 
legislative power of a municipality which affects only the in- 
habitants in that municipality. In brief, a law is general, while 
an ordinance is local. 

iThe initiative allows the lep;al voters under certain conditions to submit 
ordinances to the commissioners for consideration ; that is, proposes legislation. 
The referendum compels the commissioners under certain conditions to submit 
ordinances to the legal voters for approval either at a general election or a 
special election ; that is, repeals, rejects, or approves legislation. The recall 
allows the legal voters under certain conditions to recall an elective officer 
from the position to which he was elected; that is, dismisses or recalls from 
office. 



GOVERNMENT OF NEW JERSEY 145 

, Local Boards or Commissions 

Board of health. The duty of a municipal board of health is 
to safeguard the health of the community by making and en- 
forcing laws of sanitation. The board must take especial pre- 
cautions and measures to prevent the spread of contagious 
diseases among both men and animals, to. safeguard the purity 
of the food and milk supplies, and to strive to lower the 
death rate of the municipality. In cities and boroughs the 
members of the board, who serve three years without com,- 
pensation, are appointed by the mayor by and with the consent 
of the council. In townships they are appointed by township 
committees. 

Board of education. Each school district, which may consist 
of a city, a township, a borough, or an incorporated town, 
has in most instances a board of education of nine persons, 
who serve without pay. These members are usually elected 
by the people at the annual school meeting. By a vote of the 
people the number of members of a board of education may be 
reduced to five or even to three. The duty of the board of edu- 
cation is to determine each year the amount of money necessary 
for school expenses and for building and repairs, to employ 
teachers, to buy textbooks and supplies, and to provide for 
the general welfare of the schools. In a city school district this 
board is appointed by the mayor. 

Board of street and water commissioners. The board of street 
and water commissioners is appointed by the mayor by and 
with the advice and consent of the council in cities and 
boroughs. Their duties are to provide a proper water supply for 
the municipality and to have charge of all street improvements. 

Functions of a local, as distinguished from a state, government. 
A local government is concerned with the immediate needs of 
a small portion of a state. Its ordinances affect only a limited 
number of people, while the state government oversees the gen- 
eral welfare of all municipalities in their relation to the state, 
and its laws are general, affecting all the people of the state. 



146 . CIVICS 

COUNTY GOVERNMENT 

Administrative officers and their duties. The administration 
of a county is in the hands of six officers and two boards. Most 
of these are elected by the people, and their duties are, of 
course, purely local. 

The sheriff. The chief executive officer is the sheriff, whose 
duty is to maintain peace and to subdue riots or violence. He 
is the jailer of the country and must care for all prisoners 
in the county jail. He also executes the judgments of the courts 
or judgment for debt. 

Prosecutor of pleas. Each county has a prosecutor of pleas, 
who is appointed by the governor and who must be a lawyer, 
since he represents the state in the prosecution of persons 
charged with crime. Further, he should be a counselor at law, 
as in New Jersey there is a distinction between an attorney 
and a counselor at law. 

Coroners. Three coroners are elected in each county whose 
duty it is to hold inquests into sudden or unnatural deaths of 
persons. The coroners may summon a jury to determine the 
cause of death and may cause the arrest of anyone whom this 
jury accuses of murder. 

County clerk. The county clerk, elected by the people for a 
term of five years, is the clerk of all county courts except the 
orphans' court. He has many duties and must keep the 
minutes of all the proceedings of the courts and all records 
of deeds or mortgages on personal property and chattels. In 
his office are filed the contracts for buildings and the claims for 
unpaid taxes. He issues marriage certificates to nonresidents of 
the state and records the articles of incorporation of private 
companies before filing them with the secretary of state. 

The surrogate. The surrogate is elected by the people for 
five years. Through him all wills are registered, and he may 
appoint an administrator for an estate or a guardian for a 
minor or incompetent person. 

County collector. A county collector may be elected by the 
people or by the board of freeholders, depending on the size 



GOVERNMENT OF NEW JERSEY 147 

of the county. He is the custodian of all county moneys, which 
he pays out on orders of the board of freeholders. He receives 
all state and county taxes from the local collectors and pays 
over to the state treasurer all state tax moneys. He also re- 
ceives from the state treasurer the state appropriations for the 
county's local use, including the state school moneys, which he 
in turn pays to the custodians of the local school districts on 
the order of the county superintendent of schools. 

County board of taxation. In each county there is a county 
board of taxation which supervises the assessment of property 
and the collection of taxes. It is composed of three members 
appointed for three years by the governor by and with the 
advice and consent of the senate. No more than two members 
may be of the same political party. 

County superintendent of schools. The county superintendent 
of schools has general supervision over all the schools in the 
county. He is appointed by the commissioner of education 
and serves for three years. 

Board of freeholders. Counties are governed by boards of 
freeholders. The larger boards are composed of one member 
from each township, one from each ward in a city, and one from 
each borough having a population of three thousand or more. 
This makes a rather unwieldy board in some of the larger 
counties. A recent law, however, provides for a board of free- 
holders of nine, seven, five, or three members, as the people at 
election may decide. These smaller boards become very effi- 
cient. Business is transacted more rapidly, and the general 
good of the county is taken into consideration rather than the 
good of special localities. The board appropriates money for 
maintaining all county offices and institutions, for building and 
repairing bridges, for county roads, etc. This money is raised 
annually by taxation, but the board of freeholders has nothing 
to do with determining the rate of the taxation. 

Functions of county as distinguished from municipal and state 
governments. A county has no power to enact ordinances or 
laws such as is vested in a state or municipality. It is an agency 
for carrying out existing legislation, not for enacting new laws. 



148 CIVICS 

County institutions. The counties of New Jersey support a 
number of county institutions. Among these are a county 
almshouse, county insane asylum, and a county tuberculosis 
hospital. The money for the support of these institutions is 
raised by a property tax. 

STATE GOVERNMENT 

The governor. The executive power in New Jersey is vested 
in a governor, elected by the people for a term of three years. 
He cannot succeed himself in office, but there is nothing to 
prevent his serving a second term later. The duty of the gov- 
ernor is to see that the laws are obeyed. He commands the 
soldiers of the state and, whenever necessary, has the power 
to order the whole national guard out for the protection of 
life or property. In case of the death or disability of the 
governor the president of the senate acts as governor until 
his successor is elected. 

Secretary of state. The secretary of state, appointed by the 
governor for five years, is the proper authority to certify to 
the correctness of all laws. All nominations for state offices, 
all election returns, original wills, and articles of incorporation 
of railways, railroads, and industrial companies are filed in the 
office of the secretary of state. 

Attorney general. The attorney general is appointed by the 
governor for a term of five years. He acts as legal adviser to 
the governor, to all state officers, and to the legislature when 
there is any doubt whether or not a bill conforms to the consti- 
tution. He also acts as counsel of the state. 

Comptroller. The state comptroller is appointed in a joint 
session of the legislature for three years. His duty is to super- 
intend the collection of state revenue, to take charge of all 
interests and property of the state, and to audit all bills and 
accounts against the state. 

State treasurer. The state treasurer is appointed by the state 
legislature in joint session for the term of three years. He has 
charge of all the state money. 



GOVERNMENT OF NEW JERSEY 149 

Commissioner of banking and insurance. This commissioner 
is appointed by the governor, with the approval of the sen- 
ate, for a term of three years. His duty is to examine the 
condition of state banks, loan associations, and all foreign 
fire-insurance and life-insurance companies. 

Commissioner of education. This officer is appointed by the 
governor with the consent of the senate for a period of five 
years. The commissioner exercises supervision over the 
schools of the state receiving any part of the state appropria- 
tion. He is also secretary of the state board of education. 

State board of education. The state board of education 
consists of ten members appointed by the governor acting 
with the senate. No more than five members shall be of the 
same political party, and no two shall be appointed from the 
same county. This board has the general supervision and 
control of public instruction in New Jersey. 

The legislature. The legislative department of New Jersey 
is vested in a senate and general assembly. The senate is com- 
posed of one senator from each county, or twenty-one in all. 
About one third of the senators are elected each year for a term 
of three years. The general assembly is composed of mem- 
bers elected annually and apportioned among the several 
counties according to population. 

Legislative committees. After the legislature convenes each 
house selects its own speaker, who then divides his house into 
standing committees, each with a special purpose. There are 
committees on banking, forestry, school, etc. When a bill or 
a proposed law is introduced in the assembly or the senate it is 
referred by the speaker to the proper committee for considera- 
tion. In due time this committee takes up the bill and reports 
it to the house where it originated. 

How laws are made. If, after three readings in each house, 
a bill receives the majority vote of both houses it is sent to the 
governor for his approval. If he approves it he signs it, and 
the bill becomes a law. If the governor does not approve the 
bill he may return it within five days to the house where it 
originated, with his written objections. It may then be taken 



I50 CIVICS 

up again, and if it receives a majority vote of all members of 
each house it may be passed as a law over the governor's veto. 
A bill may become a law without the governor's signature if he 
does not veto it within five days after it has been presented 
to him, Sunday excepted. 

Veto power of the governor compared to that of the president. 
The state legislature can pass a bill over the governor's veto 
by a majority vote of each house. The United States Congress 
requires a two-thirds vote of each house before it can pass 
a bill over the president's veto. 

State highway commission. The state highway commission 
was created in 191 7 and has supervision over the construction 
and maintenance of all the state highways. 

Public utilities commission. According to an act passed by 
the legislature in 192 1 the public utilities commission is now 
composed of three members, appointed by the governor by 
and with the advice and consent of the senate. The commis- 
sioners hold office for six years and not more than two may 
be of the same political party. The commission has supervision 
and control of railroads, canals, heat, light, and power, and the 
telephone and telegraph systems of the state. 

ELECTIONS 

Suffrage qualifications. Every citizen twenty-one years of 
age or over who has resided in the state at least one year and 
in the county where he registers at least five months preceding 
the election is given the right of suffrage. 

Primaries and general elections. Primary elections to nominate 
the party candidates, to select such party officers as commit- 
teemen, or to choose delegates to the national conventions are 
held each year on the fourth Tuesday of September ; the gen- 
eral elections, at which the various elective officers of the state, 
county, or municipality are chosen, are held in November. 
The general election of school officers takes place in March. 

Registration. Every citizen must be registered in order to 
cast a ballot for a general election. In smaller municipalities 



GOVERNMENT OF NEW JERSEY 151 

the registry list is obtained by a house-to-house canvass ; in 
large municipalities the board of registry sits for three days for 
the purpose of giving voters an opportunity to register. 

Corrupt practices law. In order to purify elections certain 
restrictions have been placed on all candidates for elective of- 
fices. A limit has been placed on the amount of money which 
may be expended, and an itemized statement of the amounts 
expended must be filed with the proper authorities. Promises 
of appointment to subordinate positions are illegal, and no 
employer is allowed to intimidate his employees. 

JUDICIAL SYSTEM 
Local Courts in Towns and Cities 

Justice's court. The justice's court is presided over by a 
justice of the peace elected by the people. He tries petty 
(small) cases. Civil and criminal suits involving a sum of 
S200 or less are also tried in this court. 

Police court. A police court is composed of a justice ap- 
pointed by the mayor, who tries petty criminal cases only. An 
appeal from a justice's court is taken to the court of quarter 
sessions, while an appeal from a police court is taken either to 
the court of quarter sessions or common pleas or to the supreme 
or circuit court. 

District courts. A very important court in cities is the dis- 
trict court. This court coincides with the justice's court in 
smaller municipalities but has a larger money jurisdiction. 

County Courts 

Three courts. The county courts embrace the circuit court, 
orphans' court, and court of common pleas, which try all civil 
cases, and the court of quarter sessions and court of oyer and 
terminer, which try all criminal cases. All the judges are ap- 
pointed by the governor, all trials are by jury, and appeals 
are made to the state courts. 



152 CIVICS 

State Courts 

Character. These courts comprise five principal courts, each 
of which, except the court of errors and appeals, has original 
jurisdiction as well as the power to hear appeals from the 
county and local courts. All judges are appointed by the 
governor, and there are no juries. 

The prerogative court, presided over by the chancellor, has 
authority to probate wills, to issue letters of administration, 
and to settle all disputes relating to these on appeals from the 
orphans' court. 

The court of chancery, according to the constitution, shall 
consist of a chancellor. He may appoint vice chancellors. The 
court considers will and property cases in which it appears 
that the statute law is inadequate to render justice. 

The court of pardons grants pardons and remits sentences. 
In this court the governor sits with the judges. 

The supreme court is composed of the chief justice and 
eight associate justices. Its jurisdiction covers all the points 
of common law. It has power to review the decisions of all 
other courts except the court of errors and appeals. 

The court of errors and appeals is composed of the chancel- 
lor, the justices of the supreme court, and six other specially 
appointed justices. It is the highest court in the state, and its 
decision is final, except that appeal may be taken to the United 
States Supreme Court. 

The court of impeachment is not actually a part of the 
judicial system of the state. It is a court created from the 
legislative body for definite purposes. It sits rarely and consists 
of the members of the senate, who try the governor or any state 
official for misdemeanor while holding office. A bill of im- 
peachment must originate in the assembly. A two-thirds vote is 
necessary for conviction, and there is no appeal from the 
decision of this court. 



APPENDIX 



FORMATION OF COUNTIES 



Salem, 1675 . 
Gloucester, 1677 
Bergen, 1682 
Middlesex, 1682 
Essex, 1682 . 
Monmouth, 1682 
Somerset, 1688 
Cape May, 1692 
Cape 
Burlington, 1694 
Hunterdon, 17 14 



County Seat 

. Salem 

Woodbury 

' . Hackensack 

. New Brunswick 

Newark 

Freehold 

Somerville 

May Court House 
. . Mount Holly 

Flemington 



Morris, 1739 . 
Cumberland, 1748 
Sussex, 1753 . 
Warren, 1824 
Passaic, 1837 
Atlantic, 1837 
Mercer, 1838 
Hudson, 1840 
Camden, 1844 
Ocean, 1850 . 
Union, 1857 . 



County Seat 

. Morristown 

. Bridgeton 

Newton 

. Belvidere 

. Paterson 

Mays Landing 

Trenton 

Jersey City 

Camden 

Toms River 

. Elizabeth 



CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF GOVERNORS 

Cornelius Jacobsen Mey (director of New Netherlands) . . 1624 

William Verhulst (director of New Netherlands) . . . 1625 

Peter Minuit (governor of New Netherlands) .... 1626-1631 

Bastiaen Janssen Crol (director general of New Netherlands) 1631-1633 

Wouter Van Twiller (governor of New Netherlands) . . 1633-1637 

William Kieft (governor of New Netherlands) .... 1633-1637 

John Printiz (governor of New Sweden) 1642-1653 

Peter Stuyvesant (governor of New Netherlands) . . . 1646-1664 

Philip Carteret (first English governor) 1664-1676 

East Jersey 

Philip Carteret 1677-1682 

Robert Barclay (proprietary governor in England) . . . 1682-1690 

Thomas Rudyard (deputy governor) 168 2-1 683 

Gawen Lawrie (deputy governor) 1 683-1 686 

Lord Neil Campbell (deputy governor) 1686-1687 

Andrew Hamilton (deputy governor) 1687-1690 

Edmund Andros (royal governor of New York) .... 1 688-1 689 

John Tatham (proprietary governor — rejected by the province) 1690 
J 153 



154 APPENDIX 

Joseph Dudley (proprietary governor — rejected by the 

province) 1692-1697 

Andrew Hamilton 1692-1697 

Jeremiah Basse 1697-1699 

Andrew Bgwne (deputy governor) 1699 

Andrew Hamilton 1 699-1 702 

West Jersey 

Board of Commissioners 1676-1681 

Edward Byllinge (governor) 1680- 168 7 

Samuel Jennings (deputy governor) ^. . 1681-1684 

Thomas OUive (deputy governor) 1 684-1 685 

John Skene (deputy governor) 1685-1687 

Daniel Coxa 1687-1692 

Edmund Andros (governor of New York) 1688-1689 

Edward Hunloke (deputy governor) 1690 

West Jersey Society of Proprietors 1691 

Andrew Hamilton 1692-1697 

Jeremiah Basse (of both provinces) 1697-1699 

Andrew Hamilton 1699-1702 

East and West Jersey United 

Edward, Lord Cornbury (governor) 1 703-1 708 

John, Lord Lovelace (died in office) 1708 

Richard Ingoldsby (lieutenant governor) 1709-17 10 

General Robert Hunter 1710-1719 

Lewis Morris (president of council) 17 19-1720 

William Burnet 1720-1728 

John Montgomerie 1728-1731 

Lewis Morris (president of council) 1731-1732 

William Cosby 1732-1736 

John Anderson (president of council) 1736 

John Hamilton (president of council) 1736-1738 

(The foregoing were also governors of New York at the same time.) 

Separate from New York 

Lewis Morris 1738-1746 

John Hamilton (president of council) 1 746-1 747 

John Reading (president of council) 1747 

Jonathan Belcher 1 747-1 757 

Thomas Pownall (lieutenant governor) 1757 



APPENDIX 



155 



John Reading (president of council) 1757-1758 

Francis Bernard 1 758-1 760 

Thomas Boone 1 760-1 761 

Josiah Hardy 1 761-1762 

WilHam Franklin 1763-1776 



From the Adoption of the State Constitution 

William Livingston (Federalist) 

William Paterson (Federahst) 

Richard Howell (Federahst) 

Joseph Bloomfield (Democrat) 

John Lambert (president of council and acting governor) 

(Democrat) 

Joseph Bloomfield (Democrat) 

Aaron Ogden (Federalist) 

William S. Pennington (Democrat) 

Mahlon Dickerson (Democrat) 

Isaac H. Williamson (Federalist) 

Garret D. Wail (Democrat) 

Peter D. Vroom (Democrat) 

Samuel L. Southard (Whig) 

Ellas P. Seeley (Whig) 

Peter D. Vroom (Democrat) 

Philemon Dickerson (Democrat) 

William Pennington (Whig) 

Daniel Haines (Democrat) 

Charles C. Stratton (Whig) 

Daniel Haines (Democrat) ' . . . 

George F. Fort (Democrat) 

Rodman M. Price (Democrat) 

William A. Newell (Republican) 

Charles S. Olden (Republican) 

Joel Parker (Democrat) 

Marcus L. Ward (Republican) 

Theodore F. Randolph (Democrat) 

Joel Parker (Democrat) 

Joseph D. Bedle (Democrat) 

George B. McClellan (Democrat) 

George C. Ludlow (Democrat) 

Leon Abbett (Democrat) 

Robert S. Green (Democrat) 

Leon Abbett (Democrat) 

George T. Werts (Democrat) 



1776- 


1790 


1700- 


1793 


1703- 


1801 


I80I- 


1802 


1802- 


1803 


1803- 


1812 


I8I2- 


i8i3 


I8I3- 


1815 


I8I5- 


1817 


I8I7- 


1829 


82g-decrd 


1829- 


1832 


1832- 


1833 


1833 




1833- 


1836 


1836- 


1837 


1837- 


1843 


1843- 


1844 


184s- 


1848 


1848- 


1851 


1851- 


1854 


1854- 


1857 


1857- 


i860 


1860- 


1863 


1863- 


1866 


1866- 


1869 


i86g- 


1872 


1872- 


1875 


1875- 


1878 


1878- 


1881 


1881- 


1884 


1884- 


1887 


1887- 


1890 


i8qo- 


1893 


1893- 


1896 



156 APPENDIX 

John W. Griggs (Republican) 1896-1898 

Foster M. Voorhees^ (Republican) 

David O. Watkins- (Republican) 

Foster M. Voorhees (Republican) ........ 1899-1902 

Franklin Murphy (Republican) 1902-1905 

Edward C. Stokes (Republican) 1905-1908 

John Franklin Fort (Republican) 1908-1911 

Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) 1911-1913 

James F. Fielder ^ (Democrat) 

Leon R. Taylor* (Democrat) 

James F. Fielder (Democrat) 1914-1917 

Walter E. Edge (Republican) 1917-1919 

William N. Runyon^ (Republican) 

Edward I. Edwards (Democrat) 1920- 



Other Acting Governors of New Jersey 

The following is a list of presidents of the senate who served as acting 
governors for brief periods during temporary absence of regular governors. 

William M. Johnson (Republican), Bergen 1900 

Edmund W. Wakelee (Republican), Bergen 1904 

Joseph S. Frelinghuysen (Republican), Somerset 1909 

Ernest R. Ackerman (Republican), Union 191 1 

John Dyneley Prince (Republican), Passaic 19 12 

John W. Slocum (Democrat), Monmouth 1914 

Walter E. Edge (Republican), Atlantic 1915 

George W. F. Gaunt (Republican), Gloucester .... 1916-1917 

Thomas F. McCran (Republican), Passaic 1918 



UNITED STATES SENATORS 

The following is a Hst of the United States senators for New Jersey 
from 1789 to date : 

Jonathan Elmer, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1791. 
William Paterson, from March 4, 1789, to November 23, 17QO. 
Philemon Dickinson, from November 23, 1790, to March 3, 1793. 
John Rutherford, from March 4, 1791, to December 5, 1798. 

^Acting governor from February i, i8q8, to October 18, i8q8. 
2 Acting governor from October 18, 1898, to January 16, 1899. 
•'Acting governor from March i, 1913, to October 28, 1913. 
■* Acting governor from October 28, 1913, to January 20, 1914. 
•'^ Acting governor from May 16, 1919, to January 20, 1920. 



APPENDIX 



157 



Frederick Frelinghuysen, from March 4, 1793, to November 12, 1796. 

Richard Stockton, from November 12, 1706. to March 3, 1790. 

Franklin Davenport, from December 5, 1798, to February 14, 1799. 

James Schureman, from February 14, 1799, to February 26, 1801. 

Jonathan Dayton, from March 4, 1799, to March 3, 1805. 

Aaron Ogden, from February 26, 1801, to March 3, 1803. 

John Condit, from September i, 1803, to March 3, 1809. 

Aaron Kitchell, from March 4, 1805. to March 21, 1809. 

John Lambert, from March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1815. 

John Condit, from March 21, 1809, to March 3, 1817. 

James Jefferson Wilson, from March 4, 1815, to January 26, 1821. 

Mahlon Dickerson, from March 4, 1817, to March 3, 1829. 

Samuel L. Southard, from January 26, 1821, to November 12, 1823. 

Joseph Mcllvaine, from November 12, 1823, to August 16, 1826. 

Ephraim Bateman, from November 10, 1826, to January 30, 1829. 

Theodore Frelinghuysen, from March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1835. 

Mahlon Dickerson, from January 30, 1829, to March 3, 1833. 

Samuel L. Southard, from March 4, 1833, to June 26, 1842. 

Garret D. Wall, from March 4, 1835, to March 3, 1841. 

Jacob W. Miller, from March 4, 1841, to March 3, 1853. 

William L. Dayton, from July 2, 1842, to March 3, 1851. 

Jacob W. Miller, from January 4, 1841, to March 3, 1853. 

Robert F. Stockton, from March 4, 185 1, to February 11, 1853. 

William Wright, from March 4, 1853, to March 3, 1859. 

John R. Thomson (died), from February 11, 1853, to December, 1862. 

Richard S. Field (vacancy), from December 12. 1862, to January 13, 18&3, 

John C. Ten Eyck, from March 17, 1859, to March 3, 1865. 

James W. Wall (vacancy), from January 14, 1863, to March 3, 1863. 

William Wright, from March 4, i863, to November, 1866. 

F. T. Frelinghuysen, from November, 1866, to March 3, 1869. 

John P. Stockton, from March 4, 1865, to March 27, 1866. 

Alexander G. Cattell, from December 3, 1866, to March 3, 1871. 

John P. Stockton, from March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1875. 

F. T. Frelinghuysen, from March 4, 1871, to March 3, 1877. 

T. F. Randolph, from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1881. 

John R. McPherson, from March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1895. 

William J. Sewell, from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1887. 

Rufus Blodgett, from March 4, 1887, to March 3, 1893. 

James Smith, Jr., from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1899. 

William J. Sewell, from March 4, 1895, to December 26, 1901. 

John Kean, from March 4, 1899, to March 3, 191 1. 

John F. Dryden, from February 4, 1902, to March 3, 1907. 

Frank O. Briggs, from March 4, 1907, to March 3, 1913. 

James E. Martine, from March 4, 191 1, to March 3, 19 17. 



158 APPENDIX 

William Hughes, from March 4, 1913, to January 30, 1918. 

Joseph S. Frelinghuysen, from March 4, 191 7, to . 

David Baird, from March 7, 1918, to March 3, 1919. 
Walter E. Edge, from May 19, 1919, to . 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY 

A Constitution agreed upon by the delegates of the people 0} New 
Jersey, in convention begun at Trenton on the fourteenth day of May, 
and continued to the twenty-ninth day of June, in the year of our 
Lord one thousatid eight hundred and forty-four, ratified by the people 
at an election held on the thirteenth day of August, a.d. 1844, and 
amended at a special election held on the seventh day of September, 
A. D. 1875, and at another special election held on the twenty-eighth 
day of September, a.d. 1897. 

We, the people of the State of New Jersey, grateful to Almighty God 
for the civil and religious liberty which He hath so long permitted us 
to enjoy, and looking to Him for a blessing upon our endeavors to 
secure and transmit the same unimpaired to succeeding generations, do 
ordain and estabhsh this Constitution : 



ARTICLE I 
Rights and Privileges 

1. AH men are by nature free and independent, and have certain 
natural and unalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and 
defending life and liberty ; acquiring, possessing and i)rotecting prop- 
erty, and of pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness. 

2. Air political power is inherent in the people. Government is insti- 
tuted for the protection, security and benefit of the people, and they 
have the right at all times to alter or reform the same, whenever the 
public good may require it. 

3. No person shall be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worship- 
ing Almighty God in a manner agreeable to the dictates of his own 
conscience ; nor, under any pretense whatever, to be compelled to attend 
any place of worship contrary to his faith and judgment ; nor shall any 
person be obliged to pay tithes, taxes or other rates for building or 
repairing any church or churches, place or places of worship, or for the 
maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes 
to be right, or has deliberately and voluntarily engaged to perform. 

4. There shall be no establishment of one religious sect in preference 
to another ; no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any 



APPENDIX 159 

office or public trust ; and no person shall be denied the enjoyment of 
any civil right merely on account of his religious principles. 

5. Every person may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments 
on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law 
shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the 
press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be 
given in evidence to the jury ; and if it shall appear to the jury that 
the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good 
'motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted ; and the 
jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. 

6. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not 
be violated ; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, sup- 
ported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched and the papers and things to be seized. 

7. The right of a trial by jury shall remain inviolate ; but the legis- 
lature may authorize the trial of civil suits, when a matter in dispute 
does not exceed fifty dollars, by a jury of six men. 

8. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to a 
speedy and public trial by an impartial jury ; to be informed of the 
nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses 
against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his 
favor, and to have the assistance of a counsel in his defense. 

9. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense, unless on 
the presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases of im- 
peachment, or in cases cognizable by justices of the peace, or arising in 
the army or navy ; or in the militia, when in actual ser\ice in time of 
war or public danger. 

10. No person shall, after acquittal, be tried for the same offense. 
All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, 
except for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or presumption 
great. 

11. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 

12. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. 

13. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, except in a manner 
prescribed by law. 

14. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against 
it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person 
shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

15. Excessive bail shall not be required, excessive fines shall not be 
imposed, and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. 



i6o APPENDIX 

1 6. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just 
compensation ; but land may be taken for public highways as hereto- 
fore, until the legislature shall direct compensation to be made. 

17. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any action, or on any 
judgment founded upon contract, unless in cases of fraud ; nor shall 
any person be imprisoned for a mihtia fine in time of peace. 

18. The people have the right freely to assemble together to consult 
for the common good, to make known their opinions to their represen- 
tatives, and to petition for redress of grievances. 

19. No county, city, borough, town, township or village shall here- 
after give any money or property, or loan its money or credit, to or in 
aid of any individual association or corporation, or become security for 
or be directly or indirectly the owner of any stock or bonds of any 
association or corporation. 

20. No donation of land or appropriation of money shall be made by 
the State or any municipal corporation to or for the use of any society, 
association or corporation whatever. 

21. This enumeration of rights and privileges shall not be construed to 
impair or deny others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE 11 
Right of Suffrage 

1. Every male^ citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one 
years, who shall have been a resident of this State one year, and of the 
country in which he claims his vote five months, next before the elec- 
tion, shall be entitled to vote for all officers that now are, or hereafter 
may be, elective by the people ; provided, that no person in the military, 
naval or marine service of the United States shall be considered a resi- 
dent in this State, by being stationed in any garrison, barrack, or military 
or naval place or station within this State ; and no pauper, idiot, insane 
person, or person convicted of a crime which now excludes him from be- 
ing a witness unless pardoned or restored by law to the right of suffrage, 
shall enjoy the right of an elector ; and provided jurther, that in time 
of war no elector in the actual mihtary service of the State, or of the 
United States, in the army or navy thereof, shall be deprived of his 
vote by reason of his absence from such election district ; and the legisla- 
ture shall have power to provide the manner in which, and the time and 
place at which, such absent electors may vote, and for the return and can- 
vass of their votes in the election districts in which they respectively reside. 

2. The legislature may pass laws to deprive persons of the right of 
suffrage who shall be convicted of bribery. 

^This word is superseded by the Nineteenth Amendment to the National 
Constitution. 



APPENDIX i6i 

ARTICLE III 

Distribution of the Powers of Government 

I. The powers of the government shall be divided into three distinct 
departments — the legislative, executive and judicial ; and no person or 
persons belonging to, or constituting one of these departments, shall 
exercise any of the powers properly belonging to either of the others, 
except as herein expressly provided. 

ARTICLE IV 

Legislative 

Section I 

1. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and general 
assembly. 

2. No person shall be a member of the senate who shall not have 
attained the age of thirty years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant 
of the State for four years, and of the county for which he shall be 
chosen one year, next before his election ; and no person shall be a 
member of the general assembly who shall not have attained the age 
of twenty-one years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the State 
for two years, and of the county for which he shall be chosen one year 
next before his election; provided, that no person shall be eligible as a 
member of either house of the legislature, who shall not be entitled to 
the right of suffrage. 

3. Members of the senate and general assembly shall be elected yearly 
and every year, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November ; 
and the two houses shall meet separately on the second Tuesday in 
January next after the said day of election, at which time of meeting 
the legislative year shall commence ; but the time of holding such election 
may be altered by the legislature. 

Section II 

1. The senate shall be composed of one senator from each county 
in the State, elected by the legal voters of the counties, respectively, for 
three years. 

2. As soon as the senate shall meet after the first election to be held 
in pursuance of this constitution, they shall be divided as equally as 
may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year ; of the second class 
at the expiration of the second year; and of the third class at the 



1 62 APPENDIX 

expiration of the third year, so that one class may be elected every year; 
and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, the persons elected 
to supply such vacancies shall be elected for the unexpired terms only. 

Section III 

I. The general assembly shall be composed of members annually 
elected by the legal voters of the counties, respectively, who shall be 
apportioned among the said counties as nearly as may be according to 
the number of their inhabitants. The present apportionment shall con- 
tinue until the next census of the United States shall have been taken, 
and an apportionment of members of the general assembly shall be made 
by the legislature at its first session after the next and every subsequent 
enumeration or census, and when made shall remain unaltered until an- 
other enumeration shall have been taken ; provided, that each county 
shall at all times be entitled to one member; and the whole number of 
members shall never exceed sixty. 

Section IV 

1. Each house shall direct writs of election for supplying vacancies, 
occasioned by death, resignation, or otherwise ; but if vacancies occur 
during the recess of the legislature, the writs may be issued by the gov- 
ernor, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. 

2. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and quali- 
fications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent mem- 
bers, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. 

3. Each house shall choose its own officers, determine the rules of 
its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the 
concurrence of two thirds, may expel a member. 

4. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time 
to time publish the same ; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either house on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

5. Neither house, during the session of the legislature, shall, without 
the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

6. All bills and joint resolutions shall be read three times in each 
house, before the final passage thereof ; and no bill or joint resolution 
shall pass unless there be a majority of all the members of each body 
personally present and agreeing thereto ; and the yeas and nays of the 
members voting on such final passage shall be entered on the journal. 



APPENDIX 163 

7. Members of the senate and general assembly shall receive annually 
the sUm of five hundred dollars during the time for which they shall 
have been elected and while they shall hold their office, and no other 
allowance or emolument, directly or indirectly, for any purpose whatever. 
The president of the senate and the speaker of the house of assembly 
shall, in virtue of their offices, receive an additional compensation, equal 
to one third of their allowance as members. 

8. Members of the senate and general assembly shall, in all cases ex- 
cept treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest 
during their attendance at the sitting of their respective houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate, in 
either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Section V 

1. No member of the senate or general assembly shall, during the 
time for which he was elected, be nominated or appointed by the gov- 
ernor, or by the legislature in joint meeting, to any civil office under the 
authority of this State which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
whereof shall have been increased, during such time. 

2. If any member of the senate or general assembly shall be elected 
to represent this State in "the senate or house of representatives of the 
United States, and shall accept thereof, or shall accept of any office or 
appointment under the government of the United States, his seat in the 
legislature of this State shall thereby be vacated. 

3. No justice of the supreme court, nor judge of any other court, 
sheriff, justice of the peace nor any person or persons possessed of any 
office of profit under the government of this State, shall be entitled to 
a seat either in the senate or in the general assembly ; but, on being 
elected and taking his seat, his office shall be considered vacant ; and 
no person holding any office of profit under the government of the 
United States shall be entitled to a seat in either house. 

Section VI 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of assembly; 
but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. 

2. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but for appropriations 
made by law. 

3. The credit of the State shall not be directly or indirectly loaned 
in any case. 

4. The legislature shall not, in any manner, create any debt or debts, 
liability or liabilities, of the State which shall, singly or in the aggregate 
with any previous debts or liabilities, at any time exceed one hundred 



1 64 APPENDIX 

thousand dollars, except for purposes of war, or to repel invasion, or 
to suppress insurrection, unless the same shall be authorized by a law 
for some single object or work, to be distinctly specitied therein ; which 
law shall provide the ways and means, exclusive of loans, to pay the 
interest of such debt or liability as it falls due, and also to pay and 
discharge the principal of such debt or liability 'within thirty-five years 
from the time of the contracting thereof, and shall be irrepealable until 
such debt or liability, and the interest thereon, are fully paid and dis- 
charged ; and no such law shall take effect until it shall, at a general 
election, have been submitted to the people, and have received the 
sanction of a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such 
election ; and all money to be raised by the authority of such law shall 
be applied only to the specific object stated therein, and to the payment 
of the debt thereby created. This sanction shall not be construed to refer 
to any money that has been, or may be, deposited with this State by the 
government of the United States. 

Section VII 

1. No divorce shall be granted by the legislature. 

2. No lottery shall be authorized by the legislature or otherwise in 
this State, and no ticket in any lottery shall be bought or sold within 
this State, nor shall pool-selling, book-making or gambling of any kind 
be authorized or allowed within this State, nor shall any gambling device, 
practice or game of chance now prohibited by law be legalized, or the 
remedy, penalty or punishment now provided therefor be in any way 
diminished. 

3. The legislature shall not pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto 
law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or depriving a party of 
any remedy for enforcing a contract which existed when the contract 
was made. 

4. To avoid improper influences which may result from intermixing 
in one and the same act such things as have no proper relation to each 
other, every law shall embrace but one object, and that shall be ex- 
pressed in the title. No law shall be revived or amended by reference 
to its title only ; but the act revived, or the section or sections amended, 
shall be inserted at length. No general law shall embrace any provision 
of a private, special or local character. No act shall be passed which 
shall provide that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be made 
or deemed a part of the act, or which shall enact that any existing law, 
or any part thereof, shall be applicable, except by inserting it in such act. 

5. The laws of this State shall begin in the following style: "Be it 
enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New 
Jersey." 



APPENDIX 165 

6. The fund for the support of free schools, and all money, stock and 
other property which may hereafter be appropriated for that purpose, or 
received into the treasury under the provision of any law heretofore 
passed to augment the said fund, shall be securely invested and remain 
a perpetual fund ; and the income thereof, except so much as it may be 
judged expedient to apply to an increase of the capital, shall be annually 
appropriated to the support of public free schools, for the equal benefit 
of all the people of the State ; and it shall not be competent for the legis- 
lature to borrow, appropriate or use the said fund, or any part thereof, 
for any other purpose, under any pretense whatever. The legislature 
shall provide for the maintenance and support of a thorough and effi- 
cient system of free public schools for the instruction of all the children 
in this State between the ages of five and eighteen years. 

7. No private or special law shall be passed authorizing the sale of 
any lands belonging in whole or in part to a minor or minors, or other 
persons who may at the time be under any legal disability to act for 
themselves. 

8. Individuals or private corporations shall not be authorized to take 
private property for public use, without just compensation first made to 
the owners. 

9. No private, special or local bill shall be passed unless public notice 
of the intention to apply therefor, and of the general object thereof, 
shall have been previously given. The legislature, at the next session 
after the adoption hereof, and from time to time thereafter, shall pre- 
scribe the time and mode of giving such notice, the evidence thereof, and 
how such evidence shall be preserved. 

10. The legislature may vest in the circuit courts, or courts of common 
pleas within the several counties of this State, chancery powers, so far 
as relates to the foreclosure of mortgages and sale of mortgaged premises. 

11. The legislature shall not pass private, local or special laws in any 
of the following enumerated cases ; that is to say : 

Laying out, opening, altering and working roads or highways. 

Vacating any road, town plot, street, alley or public grounds. 

Regulating the internal affairs of towns and counties ; appointing 
local offices or commissions to regulate municipal affairs. 

Selecting, drawing, summoning or empaneling grand or petit jurors. 

Creating, increasing or decreasing the percentage or allowance of 
public officers during the term for which said officers were elected or 
appointed. 

Changing the law of descent. 

Granting to any corporation, association or individual any exclusive 
privilege, immunity or franchise whatever. 

Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay 
down railroad tracks. 



1 66 APPENDIX 

Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases. 

Providing for the management and support of free public schools. 

The legislature shall pass general laws providing for the cases enu- 
merated in this paragraph, and for all other cases which, in its judgment, 
may be provided for by general laws. The legislature shall pass no 
special act conferring corporate powers, but they shall pass general laws 
under which corporations may be organized and corporate powers of every 
nature obtained, subject, nevertheless, to repeal or alteration at the will 
of the legislature. 

12. Property shall be assessed for taxes under general laws, and by 
uniform rules, according to its true value. 

Section VIII 

1. Members of the legislature shall, before they enter on the duties 
of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or 
afiEirmation : 

"I do solemnly swear [or affirm, as the case may be], that I will sup- 
port the constitution of the United States and the constitution of the 
State of New Jersey, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of 
senator [or member of the general assembly, as the case may be], accord- 
ing to the best of my ability." 

And members-elect of the senate or general assembly are hereby em- 
powered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation. 

2. Every officer of the legislature shall, before he enters upon his 
duties, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I do 
solemnly promise and swear [or affirm] that I will faithfully, impartially 

and justly perform all the duties of the office of , to the best of 

my ability and understanding ; that I will carefully preserve all records, 
papers, writings or property intrusted to me for safe-keeping by virtue of 
my office, and make such disposition of the same as may be required by 
law." 

ARTICLE V 
Executive 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a governor. 

2. The governor shall be elected by the legal voters of this State. 
The person having the highest number of votes shall be the governor ; 
but if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall 
be chosen governor by the vote of a majority of the members of both 
houses in joint meeting. Contested elections for the office of governor 
shall be. determined in such manner as the legislature shall direct by 
law. When a governor is to be elected by the people, such election 



APPENDIX 167 

shall be held at the time when and at the places where the people shall 
respectively vote for members of the legislature. 

3. The governor shall hold his office for three years, to commence on 
the third Tuesday of January next ensuing the election for governor by 
the people, and to end on the Monday preceding the third Tuesday of 
January, three years thereafter ; and he shall be incapable of holding 
that office for three years next after his term of service shall have 
expired ; and no appointment or nomination to office shall be made by 
the governor during the last week of his said term. 

4. The governor shall be not less than thirty years of age, and shall 
have been for twenty years, at least, a citizen of the United States, and 
a resident of this State seven years next before his election, unless he 
shall have been absent during that time on the public business of the 
United States or of this State. 

5. The governor shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected. 

6. He shall be the commander-in-chief of all the military and naval 
forces of the State ; he shall have power to convene the legislature, or 
the senate alone, whenever in his opinion public necessity requires it ; 
he shall communicate by message to the legislature at the opening of 
each session, and at such other times as he may deem necessary, the 
condition of the State, and recommend such measures as he may deem 
expedient ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and 
grant, under the great seal of the State, commissions to all such officers 
as shall be required to be commissioned. 

7. Every bill which shall have passed both houses shall be presented 
to the governor ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not, he shall 
return it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have origi- 
nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and pro- 
ceed to reconsider it ; if, after such reconsideration, a majority of the 
whole number of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall like- 
wise be reconsidered, and if approved of by a majority of the whole 
number of that house, it shall become a law; but in neither house 
shall the vote be taken on the same day on which the bill shall be re- 
turned to it ; and in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be 
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for 
and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house re- 
spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor, within five 
days (Sunday excepted) after it .shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it. unless the 
legislature by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it 
shall not be a law. If any bill presented to the governor contain several 



1 68 APPENDIX 

items of appropriations of money, he may object to one or more of 
such items while approving of the other portions of the bill. In such 
case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of 
the items to which he objects, and the appropriation so objected to 
shall not take effect. If the legislature be in session he shall transmit 
to the house in which the bill originated, a copy of such statement, and 
the items objected to shall be separately reconsidered. If, on recon- 
sideration, one or more of such items be approved by a majority of the 
members elected to each house, the same shall be a part of the law, 
notwithstanding the objections of the governor. All the provisions of 
this section in relation to bills not approved by the governor shall apply 
to cases in which he shall withhold his approval from any item or items 
contained in a bill appropriating money. 

8. No member of congress, or person holding an office under the 
United States, or this State, shall exercise the office of governor ; and 
in case the governor, or person administering the government, shall 
accept any office under the United States or this State, his office of 
governor shall thereupon be vacant. Nor shall he be elected by the 
legislature to any office under the government of this State or of the 
United States, during the term for which he shall have been elected 
governor. 

g. The governor, or person administering the government, shall have 
power to suspend the collection of fines and forfeitures, and to grant re- 
prieves, to extend until the expiration of a time not exceeding ninety days 
after conviction ; but this power shall not extend to cases of impeachment. 

10. The governor, or person administering the government, the chan- 
cellor, and the six judges of the court of errors and appeals, or a major 
part of them, of whom the governor, or a person administering the govern- 
ment, shall be one, may remit fines and forfeitures, and grant pardons, 
after conviction, in all cases except impeachment. 

11. The governor and all other civil officers under this State shall be 
liable to impeachment for misdemeanor in office during their continuance 
in office, and for two years thereafter. 

12. In case of the death, resignation or removal from office of the 
governor, the powers, duties and emoluments of the office shall devolve 
upon the president of the senate, and in case of his death, resignation 
or removal, then upon the speaker of the house of assembly, for the 
time being, until another governor shall be elected and qualified ; but 
in such case another governor shall be chosen at the next election for 
members of the legislature, unless such death, resignation or removal 
shall occur within thirty days immediately preceding such next election, 
in which case a governor shall be chosen at the second succeeding election 
for members of the legislature. When a vacancy happens, during the 
recess of the legislature, in any office which is to be filled by the governor 



APPENDIX 169 

and senate, or by the legislature in joint meeting, the governor shall fill 
such vacancy and the commission shall expire at the end of the next session 
of the legislature, unless a successor shall be sooner appointed ; when a 
vacancy happens in the office of clerk or surrogate of any county, the 
governor shall fill such vacancy, and the commission shall expire when a 
successor is elected and qualified. No person who shall have been nomi- 
nated to the senate by the governor for any office of trust or profit under 
the government of this State, and shall not have been confirmed before the 
recess of the legislature, shall be eligible for appointment to such office 
during the continuance of such recess. 

13. In case of the impeachment of the governor, his absence from 
the State or inability to discharge the duties of his office, the powers, 
duties and emoluments of the office shall devolve upon the president of 
the senate ; and in case of his death, resignation or removal, then upon 
the speaker of the house of assembly for the time being, until the gov- 

•ernor, absent or impeached, shall return or be acquitted, or until the 
disqualification or inability shall cease, or until a new governor be elected 
and qualified. 

14. In case of a vacancy in the office of governor from any ottier 
cause than those herein enumerated, or in case of the death of the 
governor-elect before he is qualified into office, the powers, duties and 
emoluments of the office shall devolve upon the president of the senate 
or speaker of the house of assembly, as above provided for, until a new 
governor be elected and qualified. 

ARTICLE VI 

Judiciary 

Section I 

I. The judicial power shall be vested in a court of errors and appeals 
in the last resort in all causes as heretofore ; a court for the trial of im- 
peachments ; a court of chancery ; a prerogative court ; a supreme court ; 
circuit courts, and such inferior courts as now exist, and as may be here- 
after ordained and established by law ; which inferior courts the legislature 
may alter or abolish, as the public good shall require. 

Section II 

1. The court of errors and appeals shall consist of the chancellor, the 
justices of the supreme court, and six judges, or a major part of them ; 
which judges are to be appointed for six years. 

2. Immediately after the court shall first assemble, the six judges shall 
arrange themselves in such manner that the seat of one of them shall be 

J 



170 APPENDIX 

vacated every year, in order that thereafter one judge may be annually 
appointed. 

3. Such of the six judges as shall attend the court shall receive, respec- 
tively, a per diem compensation, to be provided by law. 

4. The secretary of state shall be the clerk of this court. 

5. When an appeal from an order or decree shall be heard, the chan- 
cellor shall inform the court, in writing, of the reasons for his order or 
decree ; but he shall not sit as a member, or have a voice in the hearing 
or final sentence. 

6. When a writ of error shall be brought, no justice who has given a 
judicial opinion in the cause in favor of or against any error complained 
of, shall sit as a member, or have a voice on the hearing, or for its af- 
firmance or reversal ; but the reasons for such opinion shall be assigned 
to the court in writing. 

Section III 

1. The house of assembly shall have the sole power of impeaching, by a 
vote of a majority of all the members ; and all impeachments shall be tried 
by the senate ; the members, when sitting for that purpose, to be on oath 
or affirmation "truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in 
question according to evidence ; " and no person shall be convicted without 
the concurrence of two thirds of all the members of the senate. 

2. Any judicial officer impeached shall be suspended from exercising 
his office until his acquittal. 

3. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend farther than 
to removal from office, and to disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
office of honor, profit or trust under this State ; but the party convicted 
shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial and punishment according 
to law. 

4. The secretary of state shall be the clerk of this court. 

Section IV 

1. The court of chancery shall consist of a chancellor. 

2. The chancellor shall be the ordinary or surrogate general, and judge 
of the prerogative court. 

3. All persons aggrieved by any order, sentence or decree of the 
orphans' court, may appeal from the same, or from any part thereof, to 
the prerogative court ; but such order, sentence or decree shall not be 
removed into the supreme court, or circuit court if the subject-matter 
thereof be within the jurisdiction of the orphans' court. 

4. The secretary of state shall be the register of the prerogative court, 
and shall perform the duties required of him by law in that respect. 



APPENDIX 171 

Section V 

1. The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice and four asso- 
ciate justices. The number of associate justices may be increased or 
decreased by law, but shall never be less than two. 

2. The circuit courts shall be held in every county of this State, by 
one or more of the justices of the supreme court, or a judge appointed 
for that purpose, and shall, in all cases within the county except in those 
of a criminal nature, have common law jurisdiction, concurrent with the 
supreme court ; and any final judgment of a circuit court may be dock- 
eted in the supreme court, and shall operate as a judgment obtained in the 
supreme court from the time of such docketing. 

3. Final judgments in any circuit court may be brought by writ of error 
into the supreme court, or directly into the court of errors and appeals. 

Section VI 

1. There shall be no more than five judges of the inferior court of 
common pleas in each of the counties in this State, after the terms of 
the judges of said court now in office shall terminate. One judge for 
each county shall be appointed every year, and no more, except to fill 
vacancies, which shall be for the unexpired term only. 

2. The commissions for the first appointments of judges of said court 
shall bear date and take effect on the first day of April next ; and all sub- 
sequent commissions for judges of said court shall bear date and take effect 
on the first day of April in every successive year, except commissions to 
fill vacancies, which shall bear date and take effect when issued. 

Section VII 

1. There may be elected under this constitution two, and not more 
than five, justices of the peace in each of the townships of the several 
counties of this State, and in each of the wards, in cities that may vote 
in wards. When a township or ward contains two thousand inhabitants 
or less, it may have two justices ; when it contains more than two thou- 
sand inhabitants, and not more than four thousand, it may have four 
justices ; and when it contains more than four thousand inhabitants, it 
may have five justices ; provided, that whenever any township not voting 
in wards contains more than seven thousand inhabitants, such town- 
ship may have an additional justice for each additional three thousand 
inhabitants above four thousand. 

2. The population of the townships in the several counties of the State 
and of the several wards shall be ascertained by the last preceding census 
of the United States, until the legislature shall provide, by law, some 
other mode of ascertaining it. 



172 APPENDIX 

ARTICLE VII 

Appointing Power and Tenure of Office 

Section I 

Militia Officers 

1. The legislature shall provide by law for enrolling, organizing and 
arming the militia. 

2. Captains, subalterns and non-commissioned officers shall be elected by 
the members of their respective companies. 

3. Field officers of regiments, independent battahons and squadrons 
shall be elected by the commissioned officers of their respective regiments, 
battahons or squadrons. 

4. Brigadier-generals shall be elected by the field officers of their 
respective brigades. 

5. Major-generals, the adjutant-general and quartermaster-general shall 
be nominated by the governor, and appointed by him, with the advice and 
consent of the senate. 

6. The legislature shall provide, by law, the time and manner of 
electing militia officers, and of certifying their elections to the governor, 
who shall grant their commissions, and determine their rank, when not 
determined by law ; and no commissioned officer shall be removed from 
office but by the sentence of a court-martial, pursuant to law. 

7. In case the electors of subalterns, captains or field officers shall 
refuse or neglect to make such elections, the governor shall have power 
to appoint such officers, and to fill all vacancies caused by such refusal 
or neglect. 

8. Brigade inspectors shall be chosen by the field officers of their 
respective brigades. 

9. The governor shall appoint all militia officers whose appointment 
is not otherwise provided for in this constitution. 

10. Major-generals, brigadier-generals and commanding officers of 
regiments, independent battalions and squadrons shall appoint the staff 
officers of their divisions, brigades, regiments, independent battalions and 
squadrons, respectively. 

Section II 
Civil Officers 

I. Justices of the supreme court, chancellor, judges of the court of 
errors and appeals and judges of the inferior court of common pleas 
shall be nominated by the governor, and appointed by him, with the 
advice and consent of the senate. 



APPENDIX 173 

The justices of the supreme court and chancellor shall hold their 
offices for the term of seven years ; shall, at stated times, receive for 
their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during the 
term of their appointments ; and they shall hold no other office under 
the government of this State or of the United States. 

2. Judges of the courts of common pleas shall be appointed by the 
senate and general assembly, in joint meeting. 

They shall hold their offices for five years ; but when appointed to fill 
vacancies, they shall hold for the unexpired term only. 

3. The state treasurer and comptroller shall be appointed by the senate 
and general assembly, in joint meeting. 

They shall hold their offices for three years, and until their successors 
shall be quahfied into office. 

4. The attorney-general, prosecutors of the pleas, clerk of the supreme 
court, clerk of the court of chancery, secretary of state and the keeper 
of the state prison shall be nominated by the governor, and appointed by 
him, with the advice and consent of the senate. 

They shall hold their offices for five years. 

5. The law reporter shall be appointed by the justices of the supreme 
court, or a majority of them ; and the chancery reporter shall be appointed 
by the chancellor. 

They shall hold their offices for five years. 

6. Clerks and surrogates of counties shall be elected by the people 
of their respective counties, at the annual elections for members of the 
general assembly. 

They shall hold their offices for five years. 

7. Sheriffs and coroners shall be elected by the people of their respec- 
tive counties, at the elections for members of the general assembly, and 
they shall hold their offices for three years, after which three years must 
elapse before they can be again capable of serving. Sheriffs shall annually 
renew their bonds. 

8. Justices of the peace shall be elected by ballot at the annual meet- 
ings of the townships in the several counties of the State, and of the 
wards in cities that may vote in wards, in such manner and under such 
regulations as may be hereafter provided by law. 

They shall be commissioned for the county, and their commissions shall 
bear date and take effect on the first day of May next after their election. 

They shall hold their offices for five years ; but when elected to fill 
vacancies, they shall hold for the unexpired term only; provided, that 
the commission of any justice of the peace shall become vacant upon 
his ceasing to reside in the township in which he was elected. 

The first election for justices of the peace shall take place at the next 
annual town-meetings of the townships in the several counties of the 
State, and of the wards in cities that may vote in wards. 



174 APPENDIX 

9. All other officers, whose appointments are not otherwise provided 
for by law, shall be nominated by the governor, and appointed by him, 
with the advice and consent of the senate ; and shall hold their offices 
for the time prescribed by law. 

10. All civil officers elected or appointed pursuant to the provisions 
of this constitution, shall be commissioned by the governor. 

11. The term of office of all officers elected or appointed, pursuant to 
the provisions of this constitution, except when herein otherwise directed, 
shall commence on the day of the date of their respective commissions ; 
but no commission for any office shall bear date prior to the expiration 
of the term of the incumbent of said office. 



ARTICLE VIII 

General Provisions 

1. The secretary of state shall be ex officio an auditor of the accounts 
of the treasurer, and as such, it shall be his duty to assist the legislature 
in the annual examination and settlement of said accounts, until otherwise 
provided by law. 

2. The seal of the State shall be kept by the governor, or person 
administering the government, and used by him officially, and shall be 
called the great seal of the State of New Jersey. 

3. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority 
of the State of New Jersey, sealed with the great seal, signed by the 
governor, or person administering the government, and countersigned by 
the secretary of state, and it shall run thus : "The State of New Jersey, 

to , greeting." All writs shall be in the name of the State ; and 

all indictments shall conclude in the following manner, viz., "against the 
peace of this State, the government and dignity of the same." 

4. This constitution shall take effect and go into operation on the 
second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
hundred and forty-four. 

ARTICLE IX 

Amendments 

Any specific amendment or amendments to the constitution may be 
proposed in the senate or general assembly, and if the same shall be 
agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two 
houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on 
their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the 
legislature then next to be chosen, and shall be published for three 
months previous to making such choice, in at least one newspaper of 



APPENDIX 175 

each county, if any be published therein ; and if in the legislature next 
chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments, or any 
of them, shall be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to 
each house, then it shall be the duty of the legislature to submit such 
proposed amendment or amendments, or such of them as may have 
been agreed to as aforesaid by the two legislatures, to the people, in such 
manner and at such time, at least four months after the adjournment 
of the legislature, as the legislature shall prescribe ; and if the people at 
a special election to be held for that purpose only, shall approve and ratify 
such amendment or amendments or any of them, by a majority of the 
electors qualified to vote for members of the legislature voting thereon, 
such amendment or amendments, so approved and ratified shall become 
part of the constitution ; provided, that if more than one amendment be 
submitted, they shall be submitted in such manner and form that the 
people may vote for or against each amendment separately and distinctly ; 
but no amendment or amendments shall be submitted to the people 
by the legislature oftener than once in five years. 



ARTICLE X 

Schedule 

That no inconvenience may arise from the change in the constitution 
of this State, and in order to carry the same into complete operation, it 
is hereby declared and ordained, that — 

1. The common law and the statute laws now in force, not repugnant 
to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own 
limitation, or be altered or repealed by the legislature ; and all writs, 
actions, causes of action, prosecutions, contracts, claims and rights of 
individuals and of bodies corporate, and of the State, and all charters of 
incorporation, shall continue, and all indictments which shall have been 
found, or which may hereafter be found, for any crime or offense com- 
mitted before the adoption of this constitution, may be proceeded upon 
as if no change had taken place. The several courts of law and equity, 
except as herein otherwise provided, shall continue with the like powers 
and jurisdiction as if this constitution had not been adopted. 

2. All ofiicers now filling any office or appointment shall continue in 
the exercise of the duties thereof, according to their respective commis- 
sions or appointments, unless by this constitution it is otherwise directed. 

3. The present governor, chancellor and ordinary or surrogate-general 
and treasurer shall continue in office until successors elected or appointed 
under this constitution shall be sworn or affirmed into office. 

4. In case of the death, resignation or disability of the present gov- 
ernor, the person who may be vice-president of council at the time of the 



176 APPENDIX 

adoption of this constitution shall continue in office and administer the 
government until a governor shall have been elected and sworn or affirmed 
into office under this constitution. 

5. The present governor, or in case of his death or inabiHty to act, 
the vice-president of council, together with the present members of the 
legislative council and secretary of state, shall constitute a board of state 
canvassers, in the manner now provided by law, for the purpose of 
ascertaining and declaring the result of the next ensuing election for 
governor, members of the house of representatives, and electors of 
president and vice-president. 

6. The returns of the votes for governor, at the said next ensuing 
election, shall be transmitted to the secretary of state, the votes counted, 
and the election declared in the manner now provided by law in the 
case of the election of electors of president and vice-president. 

7. The election of clerks and surrogates, in those counties where the 
term of office of the present incumbent shall expire previous to the gen- 
eral election of eighteen hundred and forty-five, shall be held at the 
general election next ensuing the adoption of this constitution ; the result 
of which election shall be ascertained in the manner now provided by 
law for the election of sheriffs. 

8. The elections for the year eighteen hundred and forty-four shall 
take place as now provided by law. 

g. It shall be the duty of the governor to fill all vacancies in office 
happening between the adoption of this constitution and the first session 
of the senate, and not otherwise provided for, and the commissions shall 
expire at the end of the first session of the senate, or when successors 
shall be elected or appointed and qualified. 

10. The restriction of the pay of members of the legislature after 
forty days from the commencement of the session, shall not be applied 
to the first legislature convened under this constitution. 

11. Clerks of counties shall be clerks of the inferior courts of com- 
mon pleas and quarter sessions of the several counties, and perform the 
duties, and be subject to the regulations now required of them by law 
until otherwise ordained by the legislature. 

12. The legislature shall pass all laws necessary to carry into effect 
the provisions of this constitution. 



INDEX 



Absecon, 31 

Agricultural College, State. 86, 136 

Agricultural Experiment Station, 137 

Agriculture, 31-42; soils, 31, 3i; mar- 
ket gardening, 33, 35-38; fruits, 39- 
41; cranberry culture, 41, 42 

Algonquins, Lenni-Lenape, or Delawares, 
belonged to, 91 

Allenhurst, 82 

American Whig Society, 136 

Animals, wild, 29 

Annapolis Convention, 117, 119 

Appalachian Highlands, divided by Ap- 
palachian Valley, 9; northwestern 
section, or Kittatinny Mountain range, 
9, 10; southwestern section, or High- 
lands, 10-12; orchard fruits grown in, 
39; building stones in, 43 

Appalachian ^lountains, barrier of pro- 
tection for colonists, 4 

Appalachian Valley, divides Appalachian 
Highlands, 9; Kittatinny Valley, 
northward extension of, 10 

Area of New Jersey, 7, 8 

Arlington, 72 

Artesian wells, in Coastal Plain, 24 

Arthur Kill, 68, 75 

Articles of Confederation, 115; became 
law in 1 781, 116; proposed revision 
of, 117 

Asbury Park, 82 

Asparagus, New Jersey's rank, a 

Assanpink Creek, Washington holds 
bridge at, 109; celebration in Wash- 
ington's honor at, 120 

Atlantic City, 81, 144 

Atlantic Coastal Plain. See Coastal 
Plain 

Atlantic Drainage Basin, rivers of Coastal 
Plain belong to, 18 

Atlantic Highlands, State Ocean High- 
way from Cape May to, 65; highest 
elevation on coast of New Jersey, 82; 
Henry Hudson's landing place, 93 

Bainbridge. William, 127, 128 

Barnegat, 82 

Barnegat Bay, inland waterway from, to 

Cold Spring Inlet, 6r 
"Barracks" at Trenton, 83 
Battle of Monmouth Court House, 86, 

112, 113; Mollie Pitcher and, 113 
Battle of Princeton, 84, no 
Battle of Trenton, 107-109 
Rayonne, 20; oil refineries at, 53, 77 
Belcher, Jonathan, loi, 102 



Belleville, 73 

Belmar, 82 

Belvidere, southern edge of ice-sheet 
rested on line from Morristown to, 16; 
near water power, 85 

Bergen, founded in 1660, 94; part of 
Jersey City, 94; first chartered set- 
tlement, 94; first school in state at, 
99, 133 

Berkeley, Lord, purchases what is now 
New Jersey, 95; sells to Quakers. 95 

Berries, state ranks first in growing of, 
3j: varieties, 40; cranberries, 41, 42 

Beverly, important center for apple and 
peach growing, 39, 40; industries of, 80 

Billingsport, state militia stationed at, 
in War of 1812, 127 

Birds, game, 29 

Bivalve, 31 

Blair's Academy, 85 

Blairstown, 39, 85 

Bloomfield, 72, 73 

Blue Mountain range, 9 

Bonaparte, Joseph, 128 

Boonton, 86 

Bordentown, proposed inland waterway 
from Raritan Bay to, 62; industries 
of, 80; Jo/iii Bull, English locomotive, 
first used at, in 183 1, 124; home of 
Joseph Bonaparte. 128; commission 
form of government, 144 

Boundaries, land and water, 6, 7 

Boundbrook, 86, 87; Revolutionary 
skirmish at, 1 1 1 

Bowlders. left by ice-sheet, 16 

Boyden, Seth, inventor, 128, 129 

Piradle>' Beach, 82 

Brainerd, David, 100 

Bridgeton, important center for apple 
and peach growing, 39; glass factories 
at, 45, 81 

Browns Mills, winter resort, 80 

Budd Lake. 12 

Building stones, 43 

Burlington, chief products of, 80; early 
Swedish settlements near, 94; estab- 
lished as town, 96; record of school at, 
in 1683, 133 

Burr, Aaron, 135 

Burr, Reverend Aaron, 134 

Cabot, John and Sebastian, 94 

Caldwell, 73, 74 

Camden, port of importance, 21: largest 
shipyard in the world at. 52; phono- 
graphs and records manufactured at, 



177 



178 



INDEX 



60; center of thickly populated sec- 
tion, 67; founded in 1680 as Cooper's 
Ferry, 79; industries, 79, 80; early 
Dutch settlement near, 94; city nor- 
mal school at, 134 

Camp Dix, 80, 137, 138 

Camp McClellan, New Jersey National 
Guard mobilized at, in World War, 138 

Camping grounds, in state forests, 28 

Canal, from Barnegat Bay to Manasquan 
River, 61; Morris, 61, 71, 85, 124; 
Delaware and Raritan, 61, 125; pro- 
posed sea-level, 62 

Canning factories, 38, 80 

Cape May (city), State Ocean Highway, 
from Atlantic Highlands to, 65; popu- 
lar resort, 81; established as town, 96 

Cape May Court House, 81 

Carteret, 75 

Carteret, Sir George, purchases what is 
now New Jersey, 95; heirs of, claim 
province, 96 

Carteret, Philip, governor of province of 
New Jersey, 95, 97 

Cattle, dairy, 34 

Cedarville, 41 

Cement, manufacture of, 44; Portland, 
8s 

Cement rock, 12 

Centenary Collegiate Institute, 85 

Chamber of Commerce indorses plan to 
rid state of mosquitoes, 50 

Charles II gives land taken from Hol- 
land to James, Duke of York, 95 

Chrome, 75 

Civil War, 131-132 

Clams, gathering of, important industry, 
30, 31 

Clark, Abraham, signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, 106; delegate 
to Annapolis Convention, 117; dele- 
gate to Constitutional Convention, 118 

Clay, important in pottery industry, 15, 
46, 47; beds of, 45, 46 

Clayton, 80 

Clermont, Fulton's, 122 

Cliffside, 77 

Clifton, 78 

Climate, 25 

Clinton, Sir Henry, British general, 112, 
113 

Coal fields of Pennsylvania, 6, 47, 48 

Coastal Plain, natural region of New 
Jersey, 8, 13-15; watershed of, 18 
rivers of, 18, 22: water supply in, 24 
trees of, 27; state forests in, 28 
dairying in, 35; market-gardening belt 
in eastern part of, 37, 38; apples and 
peaches in, 39: berries and grapes 
grown in, 40: potatoes in, 41; sands 
of, 44, 45; greensand marl in, 47 

Cold Spring Inlet, inland waterway from, 
to Barnegat Hay, 61 

Collingswood, So, 134 

Colonial industries, 121, 122 



Colonial life, 98-101 

Commercial development due to location, 
4. 60 

Concessions, the, privileges granted colony 
of New Jersey embodied in, 95 

Constitution, state, adopted in 1776, 125; 
amended in 1844 and in 1875, 126; 
text of, 158-176 

Constitution, United States, 11 7-1 19 

Constitution, the, 128 

Constitutional Convention, 11 7-1 19 

Continental Congress, New Jersey mem- 
bers attend First, in 1774, 103; mes- 
sage from New Jersey colonists sent 
to Second, in 1775, 104; New Jersey 
and, 116, 117, 119 

Continental Shelf, 29 

Convention, state, amends constitution 
in 1844, 125, 126 

Cooper Creek, 79 

Cooper's Ferry, 79 

Copper smelting and refining, 50; at 
Newark, 72; at Perth Amboy, 75 

Cornwallis, British general, 106-109, 
112-113 

Counties, location of, 68; map showing. 
69; statistics, 90; thirteen original, 
120; formation of, 153 

County, Atlantic, 15, 30, 40, 41; Ber- 
gen, 24, 36, 67; Burlington. 15, 27, 30, 
35, 40, 41, 67, 120; Camden, 40; Cape 
May, 30, 93; Cumberland, 30, 35, 40; 
Essex, 24, 36, 67; Hudson, 24, 67, 93, 
94; Mercer, 36, 45; Middlesex, 24, 36, 
45, 67; Monmouth, 27, 30, 35, 38, 40, 
67, 115; Morris, 42, 122; Ocean, 15, 
27, 30, 41, 67; Passaic, 24, 42, 67; 
Salem, 35, 37, 96; Sussex, 42; Union, 
24, 36, 67; Warren, 42 

Covenanters, Scotch, 97 

Cranberries, where grown in state, 15, 
41; one third of United States crop 
grown in New Jersey, a\ how bogs 
are prepared, 41, 42 

Cranbury, 39 

Cranford, 74 

Crops, New Jersey unexcelled in variety 
and abundance of, 31; cranberries, 15, 
33, 41, 42; corn, hay, oats, 34, 35; 
vegetables, 35-38; orchard fruits and 
berries, 39-41 

Culver's Gap, 9; Frontispiece 

Cushetunk Alountain, a trap ridge, 12 

Dairying, northern part of state adapted 
to, 33, 34; large areas in Coastal 
Plain, 35; future prospects for, 35 

Dayton. Jonathan, delegate to Constitu- 
tional Convention. 118 

Declaration of Independence, signers of, 
in New Jersey, 106 

De Hirsch Agricultural School for Jewish 
Boys, 81 

Delaware Bay, important commercial 
waterway, 6, 60 



INDEX 



179 



Delawares. See Lenni-Lenape 

Delaware River, water boundary of New 
Jersey, 6; cuts way through Kittatinny 
Mountain Range, 9; navigable as tar 
as Trenton, 20; falls of, at Trenton, 22 ; 
shad in, 29, 30; important waterway, 
60; mouth discovered by Captain May, 
93; Washington crosses the, 107. 108 

Delaware River Basin, rivers of Coastal 
Plain belong to, 18 

Delaware Water Gap, 9 

Denmark, emigrants from, 97 

Dickinson, Reverend Jonathan, 134 

Dividing Creek, 41 

Dix, Major General John Adams, 138 

Docks along water front, 20, 60 

Douglass House, Trenton, 109 

Dover, 42, 86 

Drainage basins, 18, 19 

Dunnfield, 64 

Dutch East India Company sends Henry 
Hudson on exploring expedition. 92 

Dutch Reformed Church. 97, 136 

Dutch West India Company, sends Cap- 
tain Cornelius May on exploring expe- 
dition, 93; officer of, founded settlement 
at Paulus Hook, 94 

Dye industries, at Paterson, 77 ; at Lodi, 78 

East Newark, 72 

East Orange, 72, 73 

Edgewater. 77 

Edison, Thomas Alva, home at West 
Orange, 73: inventions of, 132 

Education, in colonial days, 99, 100, 133; 
compulsory, 133, 134; institutions for 
higher, 134-137; board of, 145; county 
superintendent of schools, 147: commis- 
sioner of, 149: state board of, 149 

Edwards, Jonathan, preacher, 100 

Egg Harbor City, 81 

Election system, 150, 151 

Electric power transmitted, 22 

Electric railways, 64, 65 

Elizabeth, 74: home of Governor Belcher, 
102; shoes made in, in 1676, 121; 
paper manufacture in, in 1728, 121; 
early school in, 133 

Elizabethport, 74 

Elizabethtown, 95, 134 

England, claims North America, 94; 
New Netherlands taken by, in 1664, 
95; colonizing by, 95,96; New Jersey's 
attitude toward, in colonial days, 103; 
taxation by, 103 

Englewood, 77 

Exploration, Dutch, 92, 93; Swedish, 94 

Fairview, 77 

Federalists, 120, 121 

Finderne, 87 

Firewardens, 27 

Fish, along shore, 29; hatcheries at 
Hackettstown, 29; in inland waters, 
29;, shad, 29, 30; shell, 30, 31 



Fitch, John, first inventor of steamboat, 
122 

Fleming, Captain, iio 

Flemington, 85 

Florence, So 

Flying Macliinr. stage from Jersey City 
to Philadelphia, 99 

Forest Commission, State, organized in 
1905, 26; conservation work of, 27 

Forest Reserve, State, 28, 29 

Forestry and Parks, Division of, wood- 
land controlled by, 28 

Forests, on Kittatinny Mountain, 10; 
"The Pines," 15, 27; percentage of 
wooded area, 26; conservation of, 27; 
varieties of trees, 27, 28; state, 28 

Fort Lee, 77 

Fort Miftlin, in 

Fort Nassau, early settlement at, 94 

Fort Washington, 106 

France helps America in Revolutionary 
War, 112, 114 

Franklin, 42, 86 

Franklin, Benjamin, and Articles of Con- 
federation, 1 16 

Franklin, Governor William, 104, 136 

Freehold, 86, 133 

Frelinghuysen, Major General Frederick, 
in Revolutionary War, 97 

Frelinghuysen, General John, in War of 
1812. 97 

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, Chancellor of 
University of New York, 97 

Frelinghuysen, Reverend Theodorus Ja- 
cobus, Dutch settler, 97 

Freneau, Philip, 135, 136 

Friends. See Quakers 

Fruits, orchard, where grown in state, 
,13> 39> 40: berries, 39, 40; grapes, 40 

Fulton, Robert, 122 

Garfield, 78 

Garwood, 74 

Glacial drift, rock material left by re- 
treating ice-sheet, 16 

Glacier. See Ice-sheet 

Glass factories, 45 

Glassboro, 39, 45, 80 

Glen Ridge. 73 

Gloucester City, So 

Government, colonial, 95, 96; local or 
municipal, 141-145; county, 146-148; 
state, 148-150 

Governors, chronological list of. 153-156 

Governors, royal: Jonathan Belcher, loi, 
102; William Franklin, 104 

Granite, used for buildings, 43 

Grapes, principal producing areas, 40 

Gravel deposited by ice-sheet, 16 

Gravels, used in road building, 15 

"Great .\wakening," 100 

Green Lake, 12 

Greene, General, 107, 112, 113 

Greepwich, 31, 105 

Greenwood Lake, 12 



i8o 



INDEX 



Greyhound, brought tea from England, 

105 
Giittenburg, 77 

Hackensack, 78 

Hackensack River, 19; water supply for 
cities, 24 

Hackettstown, state fish hatcheries at, 29; 
important center for apple-growing, 39; 
Centenary Collegiate Institute at, 85 

Haddonfield, 80, 144 

Halj Moon, Henry Hudson's ship, 92 

Hamilton, Alexander, at Annapolis Con- 
vention, 117; at the Constitutional 
Convention, 118; Paterson founded 
under patronage of, 121; attacked by 
Philip Freneau, 136 

Hanimonton, 39, 81 

Harrison, 63, 72 

Hart, John, signer of Declaration of In- 
dependence, 106 

Hasbrouck Heights. 78 

Haslet, Colonel, Revolutionary officer, no 

Hazlewood, Commodore, 112 

Health resorts, 67, 81 

Hessians, 107 

High Bridge, 85 

High Point, 9 

Highlands of New Jersey, southeastern 
section of Appalachian Highlands, 10- 
12; minerals of, 12; lakes of, 12, 17; 
water supply in, 23; where iron ore 
from, is smelted, 42 ; cement industry 
in, 44 

Hightstown, Peddie Institute at, 86 

Highways. Sec Roads 

Hoboken, great commercial city, 20: rail- 
road terminal, 63; most densely pop- 
ulated city in state, 76; first locomo- 
tive to transport passengers on railroad 
track built at, in 1825, 124; industrial 
school at, 134; Stevens Institute of 
Technology at, 137 

Holland, Henry Hudson and Cornelius 
May claimed territory for, 92, 93; 
commercial rivalry with other countries 
in early days, 93; Dutch settlements, 
94. 96, 97 

Hopatcong Lake, 12 

Hopewell, 40, 85 

Hopkinson, Francis, signer of Declara- 
tion of Independence, 106 

Houston, William Churchill, delegate to 
Annapolis Convention, 117; delegate to 
Constitutional Convention, 118 
■ Howe, Elias, inventor of sewing machine, 
first wound silk upon spools, 55 

Howe, General, P)ritish officer, in 

Howell, Richard, 121 

Hudson, Henry, explored and claimed 
territory for Holland, 92, 93 

Hudson River, 20; shad in, 29, 30; im- 
portant commercial waterway, 60; ex- 
plored by Henry Hudson, 92 , 

Huguenots, French, 97 



Ice-sheet, continental, affected New Jer- 
sey in northern part, 16; responsible 
for lakes and waterfalls, 17, 18; soils 
enriched by, 18 
Immigrants supply labor, 48, 49 
Indian trails used by early settlers, 99 
Indians, the Lenni-Lenape, or Delawares, 
91, 92; reservations for, 92; first reser- 
vation for, in Burlington County, 120 
Industries, 26-66; of colonial days, 121- 
122; development of, 122, 130, 131. 
See Agriculture, Fish, Manufactures 
Inventors, New Jersey: Seth Boyden, 128, 
129; Thomas A. Edison, 73, 132; Ed- 
win A. Stevens, 137; John Stevens, 
122, 137; Robert L. Stevens, 122, 137; 
Alfred Vail, 130; Stephen Vail, 129, 
130 
Iron, mining and smelting of, 42 
Irrigation, overhead system of, 81 
Irvington, 73, 74 

James, Duke of York, land taken from 
Holland given to, 95 

Jamesburg, 86 

Java, British man-of-war, 128 

Jersey City, commercial city, 20; oil re- 
fineries at, S3; railroad terminal, 63; 
second city in New Jersey in size, popu- 
lation, and value of manufactures, 75, 
76; Bergen and Paulus Hook part of, 
94; city normal school at, 134; com- 
mission form of government, 144 

Jersey, East and West, 95 

Joint Bull, English locomotive first used 
at Bordentown, in 183 1, 124 

Judicial system, 151, 152 

Kearny, 72 

Kearny, General Philip, in Civil W^ar, 131 

Kearny, General Stephen, in Mexican 
War, 130 

Keyport, 31, 86 

Kill van Kull, 71, 75, 77 

Kittatinny Mountain range, northwestern 
section of Appalachian Highlands, 9, 
10; state forests in, 28 

Kittatilnny Valley, extension of Appa- 
lachian Valley, 10 

Labor supply for industry, 48, 49 

Lafayette, General, 114 

Lakes of northern New Jersey result of 

ice-sheet visit, 12, 16, 17 
La.mbertville, 84, 85 
Land reclamation for industrial purposes, 

49. SO 
Lawrence, James, 128 
Lawrence Preparatory School. 85 
Lawrenceville, Lawrence Preparatory 

School at, 85; in the Revolution, 108 
Lebanon, 40 

Lee, General Charles, 112 
Lee, Major Harry, Revolutionary officer, 

114 



I 



INDEX 



I5l 



Lee, Henry, 135 

Lenni-Lenape (or Delawares), tribe of 
Indians found by early settlers, 91, 92 

Lewis, ]\Iorgan, 135 

Lightning Division (78th) in World War, 
_i38 

Limestone, used for buildings, 43 ; for 
cement, 44 

Lincoln, Abraham, New Jersey responded 
to call of, in 1861, 13 1 

Little Egg Harbor, 93 

Livingston, William, delegate to Consti- 
tutional Convention, 118; first gov- 
ernor of state. 121, 126, 127 

Location, advantages of, 3, 4, 8, 20, 47 

Lodi, dye industries at, 78 

Long Branch, 82, 144 

Lumber, production and importation, 26 

Lumbering, 28 

Macopin, Lake, 12 

Madison, 86 

Madison, James, 135 

Maine, battleship, 132 

Manasquan, 82 

Manascjuan River, 61 

Manufactures, from mineral products (ce- 
ment, glass, pottery, fertilizer), 44- 
47; factors in development of, 47-49; 
rank in value of, 50; chief, 50-60; of 
cities, 68-87 

Marble, 43 

Market-gardening, in all parts of state, 
3i: chief districts near large cities, 
35-38 

Marl, productive lands, 15; greensand, 47 

Maurice River, 18, 31 

Maurice River (town), 31 

Mawhood, Colonel, British officer, no 

Maxwell's brigade, 115 

McCauly, Mary, " Mollie Pitcher," 113 

McLane, Captain Allen, 114 

McRae, Major General James H., 138 

May, Captain Cornelius, explored and 
claimed territory for Holland, 93 

Mercer, General Hugh, no 

Merchantville, 80 

Metuchen, 75 

Mexican War, 130 

Middlebrook, in 

Middletown, 39 

Milk, 33, 34 

Millville, 45, 81, 144 

Minerals, of Highlands region, 12; trap 
rock, 12, 44; iron and zinc, 42, 43; 
building stones, 43; sands of Coastal 
Plain, 44, 45; clay, 45, 46; potash, 
46, 47 

"Mollie Pitcher," Mary McCauly, 113 

Money, colonial, loi; paper, 116, 130 

Monitnr and M err i mac, 50 

Montclair, 72, 73; normal school at, 134 

Moorestown, 39, 40, 80 

Moraine, terminal, formed by line of 
glacial drift, 16; Fig. 17 



Morristown, southern edge of ice-sheet 

rested on line from Belvidere to, 16; 

General Washington's headquarters at, 

86, 105, no. III, 114 
Morse, Samuel F. B., 130 
Morton, Henry, 137 
Morton, Major General Charles, in World 

War, 138 
Mosquitoes, efforts to rid salt marsh of, 

49. 50; Fig. 30 
Ml. Holly, 80, 107 
Mt. Pleasant, 136 
Mt. Pleasant Hills, 13 
Mullica River, tidal, iS 
Musconetcong River, 19 

Nassau Hall, 102, 135 
Natural regions of New Jersey, 8 
Navesink Highlands, in Coastal Plain, 13 
Navesink River, tidal, 18 
Neil, Captain Daniel, iio 
New Amsterdam, English fleet at, 94 
New Brunswick, Raritan River navigable 
to, 21; industries, 86; Rutgers College 
at, 86; meeting of protest against tax- 
ation held in 1774 at, 103; in the 
Revolution, 109, no; summer school 
at, 134 
New Jersey National Guard, drill ground 

at Seagirt, 82; mobilized, 138 
New Netherlands surrendered to English, 

New York Bay, 6,20,47; important water- 
way, 60; explored by Henry Hudson. 92 

New York City, world market, 4; near- 
ness to, an advantage to New Jersey, 
4-6, 3i; receives immigrants who settle 
in New Jersey, 48; Metropolitan Dis- 
trict of, 68, 70-78 

New York State, New Jersey's quarrel 
with, in colonial days, 116 

Newark, Passaic River navigable to, 21; 
largest city. 68; location and industries 
68-72; settled by Puritans. 97; meet- 
ing of protest against taxation held in 
1774 at, 103; first tannery at, in 1698, 
121; Seth Boyden and, 129; early 
school established in, 133; College of 
New Jersey (Princeton University) 
once located at, 134; normal school at, 
134; industrial school at, 134; com- 
mission form of government, 144 

Newbrie, Mark, coins minted by, 10 1 

Newport, 4 i 

Newton, 39, 86. 96, 134 

North Bergen, 77 

North Plainfickl, 86 

Nutley, 72, 73 

Ocean Cit>^8i, 134, 144- 

Ocean Grove. 82 

Ocean resorts. 67, 81; .Atlantic City one 

of the most famous in the world, 81; 

Long Branch oldest in state, 82 
Osrdensburg, 42, 86 
Oil refining. See Petroleum 



Ib2 



INDEX 



Orange, 72, 73 

Orange Mountains, 73 

Oxford, 42 

Oysters, important industry, 30, 31 

Palisades, trap ridges, 12; Interstate 
Park, 29; towns on, 77 

Palmyra, 80 

Panic in 1817 and in 1837, 130 

Paper, manufacture of, at Elizabeth, in 
1728, 121 

Parker, Joel, Civil War governor, 132 

Passaic, 21, 77, 78, 144 

Passaic River, course altered by ice-sheet, 
17; falls of, 18, 22; drainage basin, 
18; winding courses, 19: tidal, 19; 
navigable to Newark and Passaic, 2 1 ; 
reservoir at headwaters of, 24 

Paterson, falls at, 18, 22; silk manufac- 
ture, 55, 56; leading silk-manufacturing 
city, 56, 77; founded in 1791, 121; 
factory for calico printing, in i794, 
122; city normal school at, 134; com- 
mission form of government, 144 

Paterson, William, delegate to Constitu- 
tional Convention, 118; second gover- 
nor of state, 121 

Patriots of New Jersey, 104, 115 

Paulsboro, 80 

Paulus Hook, 94, 114 

Pauw. Michael, purchased district from 
Indians in 1630, 94 

Pavonia, district purchased by Michael 
Pauw, 94 

Peaches, 39, 40 

Peddie Institute, 86 

Pemberton, 80 

Penn, William, secures title to West Jer- 
sey in 1676, 95 ; purchases East Jersey 
in 1682, 95: towns in Salem County 
named for, 96 

Pennington, 85 

Penns Grove, 81 

Pens, steel, manufacture of, 58, 60 

Pequanac River, reservoir at headwaters 
of, supplies Newark, 24 

Pershing, General John L., 139 

Perth Amboy, southern edge of ice-sheet 
rested on line from Belvidere and 
Morristown to, 16; rich clay beds at, 
45; great center for brick tile and terra 
cotta, 46; industrial city, 75; in the 
Revolution, in; early school estab- 
lished in, 133 

Petroleum, rank in refining, 50; crude, 
brought by pipe lines and' tank steam- 
ers, 53; refining of, 53-55; products 
and their uses, 53, 54; how distributed, 
54, 55 

Philadelphia, world market, 4; nearness 
to, an advantage to New Jersey, 4-6, 
33; receives immigrants who settle in 
New Jersey, 48; Aletropolitan District 
of, 7, 68, 78-81 

Phillipsburg, 44, 85 



Plioemx, first steamboat to navigate 
ocean, 122, 137 

Phonographs and records, 60, 74 

Piedmont Belt, natural region of New 
Jersey, 8, 12; orchard fruits in, 39; 
sandstone of, 43; trap rock of, 44 

Pine, growth of, on sands, 15 

" Pine robbers," 115 

"Pines, The," 15, 27 

Pipe lines, for water, 24; for crude pe- 
troleum, 53 

Piscatawav, 97 

Plainfield, 86 

Pleasantville, 31, 82 

Point Pleasant, 13, 82' 

Population of New Jersey, density, 3; 
in 1920, 67; incorporated places of 
2000 or over, 88-90; counties, 90; in 
1790, 121 

Potash, 46, 47 

Potatoes, New Jersey ranks first, 40; 
chief producing regions, 41 

Potatoes, sweet, ^i^, 41 

Pottery, clays important in making of, 
15, 46; rank of Trenton in making, 46, 
S3; value of Trenton's output, 46 

Power, water, 21-23, 84; electric, 21, 22, 
48; steam, 48 

Princeton, 84; in Revolutionary War, 
107-110; seat of Princeton University, 
134, 135 

Princeton Theological Seminary, 84 

Princeton University, 84, 134, 135: char- 
ter granted, 102, 134; early presidents, 
134, 13s; Nassau Hall, 102, 135 

Problems, 87, 88 

Projects, 87, 88 

Proprietors, colonial, 95, 96 

Provincial Congress of New Jersey, meets 
at Trenton in 1775, 103, 104; meets 
again and declares New Jersey inde- 
pendent of royal authority, 104 

Quakers, purchase West Jersey, 95 ; claim 
province, 96: settlers, 95, 97; opposed 
to slavery, 102 

Queen's College. See Rutgers College 

Radium, 73 

Rahl, Colonel, British officer, 107 

Rahway, 74, in 

Railroads, 4, 5, 62-64; main trunk 
lines, 63, 64; early, 124 

Railways, electric, 64, 65 

Rainfall, 25 

Ramapo River, 24 

Ranger, state, 28 

Raritan, 87 

Raritan Bay, water front on, 47: impor- 
tant waterway, 60: proposed inland 
waterway from Bordentown to. 62 

Raritan River, drainage basin, 18: course 
altered by ice-sheet, 19; affected by 
tides, 19; navigable to New Brunswick, 
21; clay beds near mouth of, 45 



I 



INDEX 



183 



Red Bank, 82, iir, 112 

Republicans, 120 

Reservoirs, 23, 24 

Revolutionary War, 105-115; New Jer- 
sey's quota in, 115 

Ridgefield Park, 77 

Ridgewood, 78 

Ringvvood, 42 

Rivers, gaps of, 9; valleys of, 9, 16, 19; 
courses changed by glacial deposits, 17; 
tidal, 18: true, 18; drainage by, 18, 
19; of Coastal Plain, iS, 22; naviga- 
ble, 20, 21: power from, 21, 22; water 
supply from, 23 

Riverside, 80 

Riverton, 80 

Roads, good, 65, 66; state highways, 65, 
66; better-roads movement in early 
part of ninete^enth century, 122, 124 

Rockaway River, 24 

Rocky Hill, 12, in 

Roebling, 57, 80 

Roselle, 74 

Roselle Park, 74 

Rubber goods, Trenton ranks second in 
manufacture of, 84 

Rutgers, Colonel Henry, 136 

Rutgers College, 86, 120, 136, 137 

Rutgers Scientific Schooi, 136, 137 

Rutherford, 78 

Salem, glass factories at, 45; greensand 
marl found near, 47: industries of, 80, 
81; early Swedish settlements near, 94; 
established as town, 96 

Sand left by ice-sheet, 16 

Sand bars, 13, 14; waterway inside, from 
Cold Spring Inlet to Barnegat Bay, 61 

Sand belts, truck farms in, 15 

Sand dunes, 13 

Sands of Coastal Plain, 14, 44, 45 

Sandstone, red, areas in Piedmont Belt, 
12; used for buildings, 43 

Sandstone Plain, 12 

Sandy Hook, 67, 127 

Savannah, first steamboat to cross the 
Atlantic Ocean, 122, 130 

Sayreville, 46 

Schools, earliest, 99, 133; public, 133, 
134; normal, summer, and special, 134. 
Sec Education 

Schurman, James, delegate to Annapolis 
Convention, 117 

Scorpion. Philip Freneau prisoner in, 136 

Scott, General Winfield, 130 

Seagirt, 82 

Seal, Great, of New Jersey, adopted in 
1776, lOI 

Seal for city of Trenton, loi 

Secaucus, 77 

Senators, United States, 156-158 

Serpentine, 43 

Settlers, advantages of geographical posi- 
tion to, 3, 4: iron mined Ijy, 42; re- 
lations of Indians and, 92 ; commercial 



rivalry among, 93; Dutch, 94, 96, 97; 
English, 94-96; Swedish, 94, 97; 
Quakers, 95, 97; Danish, 97; French 
Huguenots, 97; Scotch Covenanters, 
97; homes of, 98; life of, 98-101 

Sewing machines, manufacture of, leading 
industry, 50; Elias Howe inventor of, 
55 ; great factory for, at F.lizabethport, 
74 

Shad fisheries, 29, 30 

Shale, used in cement-making, 44 

Sheep-raising, 2>i 

Shellfish industry, 30, 31 

Shipbuilding, 6, 21, 50, 52; in Newark, 
72; in Camden, 79 

Shippen, Captain, no 

Shipvards. at Camden, 52; at Gloucesier 
City, So 

Silk manufacture. New Jersey ranks first 
among the states in, 50: begun in 
Paterson in 1839, 55; most important 
industry in state, 55; raw materials 
for, 55, 56; number of establishments 
in state for, 56; Paterson leading city 
in United States in, 56, 77 

Slate of the Appalachian Highlands re- 
Rion, 43 

Slavery in New Jersey in 1800, 102; 
abolished in 1846. 103 

Soils, of Coastal Plain, 14, 15; enriched 
by ice-sheet, 18: types of, 31-33; in 
market-gardening districts, 36-38; 
sandy loams for berry-growing, 40; 
for sweet potatoes, 41 

Somerville, 86 

South Anihoy, 45, 75 

Sourland Mountain, trap ridge, 12 

South Orange, 72, 74 

South River, 75 

Speedwell, Savannah constructed at, 122; 
Stephen Vail owned ironworks at, 129 

Spelter, product from zinc, 43 

Splitrock Lake, 12 

State Home for Boys, at Jamestown, 86 

Steamboat, development of, 122 

Stevens, Edwin A., founder of Stevens 
Institute of Technology, 137 

Stevens, John, constructs first steam- 
boat to navigate ocean, 122, 137 

Stevens, Robert L., son of John Stevens, 
122, 137 

Stevens Institute of Technology, 137 

Stirling, General, 112 

Stockton, Richard, signer of Declaration 
of Independence, 106 

Stockton, Commodore Robert, in Mex- 
ican War, 130 

Strawberry, garden variety produced by 
Seth Boyden, 129 

Suffern, 64 

Sullivan, General, 107 

Summit, 17, 73, 74 

Surface, S-15; of Appalachian Highlands 
and Valley, 9-12; of Piedmont Belt, 
12; of Coastal Plain, 13-15 



1 84 



INDEX 



Sweden, commercial rivalry with other 
countries in early days, 93 ; charters 
granted by, for trading stations, 94; 
colonies of, captured by Dutch in 1655, 
94; settlers from, 94, 97 

Swedesboro, 41, 80 

Tappan, 64 

Taxation, meetings of protest against, 
1774, 103; "tea party," 105 

"Tea party," 105 

Tenafly, 77 

Tennet, Reverend Filbert, 100 

Terra cotta plants at Perth Amboy, 75 

Toms River, tidal, 18 

Toms River (town), 82 

Tories, 104, 115 

Transportation, by navigable waterways, 
20, 21, 60, 61; by canals, 61, 62; by 
railroads, 62-65; by good roads, 65, 66 

Trap, volcanic rock, 12, 44 

Trap ridges, 12 

Trees, varieties of, 27, 28 

Trenton, in densely populated area, 6, 67; 
port of importance, 21; falls of Dela- 
ware River at, 22; dairy section near, 
35 ; rank among pottery centers, 46; 
wire industry at, 57; state capital, 83; 
industries, 83, 84: established as town, 
96; Provincial Congress held at, in 
i775> 103; battle of, 107-109; pro- 
posed for national capital, 119; first 
flour mill at, in 1680, 121; normal 
school at, 134; industrial school at, 
134; commission form of government, 

143 

Truck farming in sand belts, 15. Sec 
Market-gardening 

Tucka/toe (collier), 52 

Tuckerton, 31, 82 

Tunnel, under Hudson River, 63; Man- 
hattan, 65 

Union, 76 

Vail, Alfred, 130 

Vail, Stephen, inventor, 129, 130 

Valleys, of Kittatinny IMountains, 9; 
river, 16; of Hackensack, Wallkill, and 
Musconetcong rivers, 19 

Vegetables, growing of, 35-38 

Vineland, center of peach production, 39; 
of, potato production, 41; glass fac- 
tories at, 45 ; training school for teach- 
ers of defective children at, 81, 134; 
commission form of government, 144 

Von Donop, British commander, 107, 



Wallkill River, 19 
Wampum, 10 1 
Wanaque River, 24 
War of 1812, 127, 128 
War with Spain, 132, 133 
Washington, 85 



Washington, General George, headquar- 
ters at Morristown, 86, 105, no, in, 
114; battle of Long Island, 106; re- 
treats across New Jersey, 106; crosses 
the Delaware at Trenton, 107; re- 
crosses the Delaware, 108; holds council 
of war in Douglass House, Trenton, 
109; wins battle of Princeton, no; at 
Brandy wine and Germantown, in; 
winter quarters at Valley Forge, 112; 
wins battle of Monmouth Courthouse, 
113; meets Mollie Pitcher, 113; pre- 
sides over Constitutional Convention, 
117; elected president, 120 

Watchung Mountains, trap ridges, 12; 
cities at foot of, 86 

Water front. New Jersey's, 47, 75 

Water power, 21-23; location of manu- 
facturing centers in northern New Jer- 
sey due to, 22; at Lambertville, 84 

Water supply, 23, 24 

Waterfalls, resulting from visit of ice- 
sheet, 18; furnish power, 21 

Waterways, important commercial, 60; 
inland, 61; canals, 61, 124, 125; pro- 
posed inland, 62, 63 

Wawayanda, Lake, 12 

Wayne, General, Revolutionary officer, 
112, 113 

Weehawken, 63, 76 

Westiield, 74 

West Hoboken, 76 

West New York, 76 

West Orange. 72, 73 

Westwood, 78 

Wharton, 42 

Whitefield, George, preacher, 100 

Wildwood, 81 

William III, Nassau Hall named in 
honor of, 102, 135 

Winds, 25 

Wire, how made and used, 56, 57; manu- 
factured at Perth Amboy, Roebling, and 
Trenton, 57, 75. 80, 83 

Witherspoon, John, early president of 
Princeton University and signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, 106, 135 

Woodbine, 81 

Woodbridge, rich clay beds at, 45; noted 
for its output of fire brick, 75; settled 
by Puritans, 97; first sawmill erected 
at, 121; early school established in, 133 

Woodbury, 80 

Woodstown, 81 

Woolnian, John, Quaker preacher, 100, 
loi; opposed to slavery, 102 

World War, 137-140 

Wrightstown, Camp Dix at, 138 

Yorktown, siege of. New Jersey regiments 
took part in, 115 

Zinc, rank in production, 42; chief prod- 
ucts from, 43; oxide of, 43 



i 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 224 726 4 



